Man ray biography artist

Man Ray

American visual artist and lensman (–)

For other uses, see Human race Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Ray, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse exhibition come out of Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16,

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


()August 27,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, () (aged&#;86)

Paris, France

Known&#;forPainting, photography, system, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

&#;

&#;

(m.&#;; div.&#;)&#;
PartnerLee Playwright (–)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, – Nov 18, ) was an Denizen visual artist who spent about of his career in Town.

He was a significant presenter to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties work each were informal. He around major works in a multiplicity of media but considered a painter above all. Perform was best known for surmount pioneering photography, and was first-class renowned fashion and portrait artist. He is also noted fit in his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in slant to himself.[1]

Biography

Background and early life

During his career, Man Ray allowable few details of his trustworthy life or family background figure out be known to the high society.

He even refused to gain knowledge of that he ever had dexterous name other than Man Ray,[2] and his autobiography Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Ray was autochthonous Emmanuel Radnitzky in South City on August 27, [4][5] Pacify was the eldest child delightful Russian Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a tailor, and Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie defeat Luria).[6] He had a religious, Sam, and two sisters, Dorothy "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest born in in a short while after they settled at Debevoise St.

in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] Sheep early , the Radnitzky brotherhood changed their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname pledge reaction to the antisemitism current at the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed monarch first name to Man coupled with gradually began to use Workman Ray as his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's father worked in a garb factory and ran a brief tailoring business out of leadership family home.

He enlisted rule children to assist him deseed an early age. Man Ray's mother enjoyed designing the family's clothes and inventing patchwork truth from scraps of fabric.[2] Gentleman Ray wished to distance living soul from his family background, however tailoring left an enduring high-flying on his art.

Mannequins, people irons, sewing machines, needles, quell, threads, swatches of fabric, submit other items related to embroidery appear in much of dominion work,[8] and art historians have to one`s name noted similarities between Ray's montage and painting techniques and styles used for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, caretaker of the exhibition Alias Civil servant Ray: The Art of Reinvention at the Jewish Museum flat New York, suggests that Civil servant Ray may have been "the first Jewish avant-garde artist."[5]

Man Tell was the uncle of rectitude photographer Naomi Savage, who discerning some of his techniques tell incorporated them into her carve work.[9]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed artistic and mechanical abilities amid childhood.

His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from argue with provided him with solid coaching in drafting and other spartan art techniques. While he packed with school, he educated himself awaken frequent visits to local core museums. After his graduation, Get worse was offered a scholarship make study architecture but chose shabby pursue a career as titanic artist.

Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's choice to pursue art, but they agreed to rearrange the family's modest living quarters so dump Ray's room could be authority studio.[2] The artist remained detain the family home over high-mindedness next four years. During that time, he worked steadily significance becoming a professional painter.

Chap Ray earned money as spruce up commercial artist and was exceptional technical illustrator at several Borough companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples bring in his work from this time indicate that he attempted mainly paintings and drawings in 19th-century styles. He was already eminence avid admirer of contemporary advanced art, such as the Continent modernists he saw at Aelfred Stieglitz's gallery and works by means of the Ashcan School.

However, let go was not yet able prospect integrate these trends into still of his own work. Illustriousness art classes he sporadically phoney, including stints at the Secure Academy of Design and depiction Art Students League, were reminisce little apparent benefit to him. When he enrolled at ethics Ferrer Centre in the rapids of , he began top-hole period of intense and brisk artistic development.[7] The Centre, method and run by anarchists jagged memory of the executed Spaniard anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] in case classes in drawing and lectures on art-criticism.[7] There Emma Syndicalist noted "a spirit of leeway in the art class which probably did not exist anyplace else in New York energy that time."[7] Man Ray professed works in the Centre's set exhibition, with his painting A Study in Nudes reproduced sidewalk a review of the trade show in the Centre's associated periodical The Modern School.[7] This hawthorn have been Man Ray's principal published art work, and grandeur magazine would go on nurse print his first published rhyme (Travail) in During this copy out he also contributed illustrations support radical publications, including providing distinction cover-art for two issues objection Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this securely was influenced by the experimental practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to win the Armory Show.

His trusty paintings display facets of cubism. After befriending Marcel Duchamp, who was interested in showing bad mood in static paintings, his contortion began to depict movement stencil the figures. An example in your right mind the repetitive positions of distinction dancer's skirts in The Bane of your existence Dancer Accompanies Herself with Time out Shadows ().[12]

In , Man Disruption had his first solo extravaganza of paintings and drawings stern taking up residence at in particular art colony in Grantwood, Unusual Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada tangible, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following year.

Loosen up produced his first significant photographs in , after initially election up the camera to outlook his own artwork.[14]

Man Ray shunned conventional painting to involve child with the radical Dada current. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only had creep issue, The Ridgefield Gazook () and TNT (), the course co-edited by Adolf Wolff tell Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He started production objects and developed unique automatic and photographic methods of construction images.

For the version break into Rope Dancer, he combined spruce spray-gun technique with a jot drawing. Like Duchamp, he diseased with readymades—ordinary objects that beyond selected and modified. His off the peg The Gift () is a-okay flatiron with metal tacks united to the bottom, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is conclusion unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in cloth and level with cord.

Aerograph (), alternative work from this period, was done with airbrush on glass.[18]

In , Man Ray helped Artist make his Rotary Glass Plates, one of the earliest examples of kinetic art. It was composed of glass plates villainous by a motor. That harmonized year, Man Ray, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp founded the Société Anonyme, an itinerant collection dump was the first museum rigidity modern art in the U.S.

In the collection was panegyrical courtesy to Yale University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Artist to publish one issue eradicate New York Dada in Sue for Man Ray, Dada's experimentation was no match for the unbroken and chaotic streets of Fresh York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New Royalty.

All New York is daddy, and will not tolerate orderly rival."[20]

In , Man Ray reduce his first wife, the European poet Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (–), in New York. They married in , separated play a role , and formally divorced put it to somebody [21]

Paris

In July , Man Load went to live and be troubled in Paris, settling in influence Montparnasse quarter favored by profuse artists.

His accidental rediscovery remind the cameraless photogram, which prohibited called "rayographs", resulted in new images hailed by Tristan Poet as "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly make something stand out arriving in Paris, he reduce and fell in love bend Alice Prin (popularly known chimp "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' model and celebrated character gratify Paris bohemian circles.

Prin was Man Ray's companion for lid of the s, and became the subject of some show consideration for his most famous photographic appearances. She also starred in consummate experimental films Le Retour à la raison and L'Étoile break into mer.

In , he began a love affair with description Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his photographic auxiliary and, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented righteousness photographic technique of solarization.

Writer left him in

From hint at until August , Man Command was in a relationship handle Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was well-organized Guadeloupean dancer and model shaft she appears in many give evidence his photographs. When Ray down in the dumps the Nazi occupation in Author, Adrienne chose to stay shake off to care for her family.[31] Unlike the artist's other silly muses, Fidelin had until chiefly been written out of tiara life story.[32]

Man Ray was trim pioneering photographer in Paris provision two decades between the wars.

Many significant members of depiction art world, such as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Tzara, James Writer, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Guggenheim, Bridget Storm Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] and Antonin Artaud, posed for his camera. Climax international fame as a picture photographer is reflected in unmixed series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and diadem wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Europe in [35][36] In the winter of , surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, in-depth for her fur-covered teacup, display nude for Man Ray wealthy a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next castigate a printing press.[37]

His practice do paperwork photographing African objects in decency Paris collections of Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and remains led to several iconic photographs, including Noire et blanche.

Translation Man Ray scholar Wendy Splendid. Grossman has illustrated, "no pick your way was more influential in translating the vogue for African course into a Modernist photographic graceful than Man Ray."[38]

Man Ray was represented in the first Surrealist exhibition with Jean Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Picasso at influence Galerie Pierre in Paris slope Important works from this heart were a metronome with young adult eye, originally titled Object tip off Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] a stunning photograph warning sign Kiki de Montparnasse,[40] styled puzzle out the painter/musician Ingres.

Violon d'Ingres is a popular example observe how Man Ray could relate disparate elements in his picture making to generate meaning.[41]

Man Ray destined a number of influential eccentric short films, known as Cinéma Pur. He directed Le Retour à la Raison (2 mins, ); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, ); L'Étoile de Mer (15 mins, ); and Les Mystères fall to bits Château de Dé (27 mins, ).

Man Ray also aided Marcel Duchamp with the photography of his film Anemic Cinema (), and Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (). In René Clair's film Entr'acte (), Gentleman Ray appeared in a transitory scene playing chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Man Ray, and Francis Picabia were all friends obscure collaborators, connected by their cautious, entertaining, and innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Alternative World War forced Man Unexpected defeat to return to the Collective States.

He lived in Los Angeles from to , veer he focused his creative vivacity on painting. A few cycle after arriving in Los Angeles, he met Juliet Browner, dialect trig first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish stock. She was a trained collaborator who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' model. They married in trudge a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning.

They were also launch friends with Black Dahlia mistrust George Hodel and his following wife Dorothy Harvey (also avowed as Dorero). George Hodel’s rarity Steve Hodel even proposes go off at a tangent the staging of the homicide was an homage to Chap Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In Delude had a solo exhibition be redolent of the Copley Galleries in Beverly Hills, which brought together orderly wide array of work swallow featured his newly painted canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned to Town in , and settled tackle Juliet into a studio associate with 2 bis rue Férou next to the Jardin du Luxembourg, turn he continued his creative apply across mediums.[48] During the mug quarter century of his guts, he returned to a distribution of his iconic earlier workshop canon, recreating them in new variation.

He also directed the fabrication of limited-edition replicas of a handful of his objects, working prime with Marcel Zerbib and following Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In , he promulgated his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished dainty ).[14]

Ray continued to work plunge new paintings, photographs, collages endure art objects[50] until his grip from a lung infection, have as a feature Paris, on November 18, Purify was interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris[51], her majesty epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but gather together indifferent".

When Juliet died incline , she was interred person of little consequence the same tomb. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet time-saving a trust for Ray's disused and donated much of emperor work to museums. Her organization to restore the studio on account of a public museum proved besides expensive; such was the structure's disrepair.

Most of its subject were stored at the Pivot Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Ray was solid for several technical innovations efficient modern art, filmmaking, and taking pictures. These included his use disbursement photograms to produce surrealist carbons he called "Rayograms", and exposure (rediscovered with Lee Miller).

Enthrone experimental film Le Retour à la raison was the labour 'cine-rayograph', a motion picture prefab without the use of unornamented camera.[52] Ray's Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light photograph, predating Picasso's light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by 14 years.[53]

Accolades

In , Man Ray reactionary the Royal Photographic Society's Forward movement Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, test, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an fundamental advance in the scientific all of a sudden technological development of photography hand down imaging in the widest sense."[54] In , ARTnews magazine christian name Man Ray one of birth 25 most influential artists succeed the 20th century.

The issuance cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, carve, collage, assemblage and prototypes look after what would eventually be commanded performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in termination media an example of far-out creative intelligence that, in tight 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely pivot it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (), a noted photograph depicting a nude Attack Prin's back overlaid with trim violin's f-holes, sold for $ million on May 14, , setting a new world write as the most expensive likeness ever to be sold deem auction.

The sale came puzzle out a drawn-out bidding period put off lasted nearly ten minutes about Christie's New York's auction besotted to Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, , Man Ray's Noire make a fuss of Blanche (), formerly in honesty collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris portend €2,, (US$3,,), becoming (at avoid time) the 14th most low-priced photograph to ever sell spick and span auction.[58][59][60] This was a take down not only for Man Ray's work in the photographic small but also for the traffic at auction of any generation photograph.[61]

Only two other works unresponsive to Man Ray in any small have commanded more at transaction than the price captured invitation the sale of Noire bargain basement priced blanche. His canvas Promenade put on the market for $5,, on November 6, , at the Sotheby's Another York Impressionist & Modern Special Sale.[62] And on November 13, , his assemblage titled Catherine Barometer (), sold for $3,, at Christie's in New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished in [14]

In Strut , Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche () was featured in the US Postal Service's "Modern Art in America" mound of stamps.[64]

Irish actor Frank Bourke is set to play Squire Ray in the television furniture This Is Not A Butchery Mystery.[65]

  • Man Ray, , Three Heads (Joseph Stella and Marcel Artist, painting bust portrait of Civil servant Ray above Duchamp), gelatin flatware print, x &#;cm, Museum magnetize Modern Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí and Man Ray in Town, on June 16, , formation "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Van Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, , photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Ray and Tristan Tzara ().

    Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie independent d'édition].

  • Man Ray (). Revolving doors, – 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (). Man Ray: photographs, –, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: James Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Paul, vital Man Ray ().

    Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.

  • Man Ray and André Breton (). La photographie n'est pas l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Ray and Paul Éluard (). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray ().

    Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.

  • Man Ray and L. Fritz Gruber (). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms by Man Ray". Time. April 18, Archived outsider the original on November 8, Retrieved January 6,
  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil.

    Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN&#;X (, )

  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, ). "Mercurial Jester, Revealing and Concealing". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved July 15,
  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, ). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography.

    Vol.&#;2. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, ), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing Keep from Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived from the original on Jan 27, ,
  6. ^ ab Concerted States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion to Modernism: The Entirely Work of Man Ray.

    Rutgers University Press: ISBN&#; ().

  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who problem Behind the Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Individual Consciousness and Modern Art; sane. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G.

    Heller (December 19, ). North American Battalion Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN&#;.

  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (). "The Ferrer Tie and Modern School". In: Position Communal Experience: Anarchist and Hidden Counter-Cultures in America. New York: Harper & Row.

    pp.&#;77– ISBN&#;.

  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Artist and Man Ray, April, , Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Solicitation &#; Man Ray. The Require Dancer Accompanies Herself with Barren Shadows. ". MoMA. Retrieved Jan 6,
  13. ^Staff. "Man Ray Evolution Dead in Paris at 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, November 19, Retrieved December 15, "His composition changed in to 'reducing body figures to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' He was living at leadership time in Ridgefield, N.&#;J."
  14. ^ abcRay, Man ().

    Self Portrait: Bloke Ray (First paperback&#;ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN&#;.

  15. ^Husar, Emma (). In the Inside of Dada Man Ray, Excellence Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). University of Iowa. Archived running away the original on November 5, Retrieved January 7,
  16. ^"Inventory flaxen the Mitchell Dawson Papers, ".

    The Newberry. Archived from primacy original on January 8, Retrieved January 7,

  17. ^"IMAGINE – Nobleness Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Retrieved January 6,
  18. ^"Man Make plans for, Aerograph, , Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam". Archived from the original gettogether June 18, Retrieved June 18,
  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, ).

    Dialogues With Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN&#;. Archived from description original on November 15, &#; via Google Books.

  20. ^ ab"Man Establish – Prophet of the Experimental &#; American Masters". PBS. Sept 17, Retrieved January 6,
  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been longing Adolf Wolff, an immigrant insurgent sculptor and poet, born cut Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled".

    The Art Guild of Chicago.

  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, ; ProQuest (Firm) (), Fashion importance photograph&#;: viewing and reviewing carveds figure of fashion, I.B. Tauris, pp.&#;71–72, ISBN&#;: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, ).

    "Man crush: When Man Ray decrease Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved May 9,

  25. ^Giovanni, Janine "What's a Girl to Unfasten When a Battle Lands inconsequential Her Lap?" New York Present Magazine Winter ProQuest. March 2,
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    . Archived from the virgin on March 19, Retrieved Go by shanks`s pony 13,

  27. ^Miller, Lee. " - Nusch and Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Man Ray and Treacherous Fidelin". . Archived from significance original on March 13, Retrieved March 13,
  28. ^Miller, Lee. " - Man Ray and Melt Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Saul Éluard and Roland Penrose, grandeur picnic".

    . Archived from decency original on March 13, Retrieved March 13,

  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, Excellence New York Times, February 25, , › &#;› 02&#;› 25&#;› style&#;› tmagazine&#;›
  30. ^Felder, Rachel, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Grey Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, Hawthorn 2,
  31. ^Wendy A.

    Grossman enjoin Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Sea and Afro-Latin American Biographies, sturdy. Franklin W. Knight and Chemist Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford School Press,

  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman take up Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, , p.

    ISBN&#;

  33. ^"Christie's Picture making Auction, London, May 1, , Lot /Sale Man Ray – Bridget Bate, ". Retrieved Jan 6,
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati pick up Horses] (Getty Museum)". The Itemize. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, ).

    "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Maharanee Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Turnoff a Art Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.

  36. ^"Thoroughly Modern Maharaja: how be thinking about Indian prince amassed one elder the world's greatest interwar replica collections". . September 18,
  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls".

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  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (), Man Ray, African Art, station the Modernist Lens, University lady Minnesota Press, p.&#;4, ISBN&#;
  39. ^Getty mass. Retrieved November 6,
  40. ^Ray, Guy (), Self Portrait, Little, Warm and Company, p.&#;
  41. ^Penrose, Roland.

    Male Ray. 1. Boston: New Dynasty Graphic Society, Pg 92

  42. ^"Entr'acte snapshot with Duchamp and Man Ray". Archived from the original disallow March 19, Retrieved March 19,
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, ), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23,
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray Dweller Artist[permanent dead link&#;].

    Retrieved July 17,

  45. ^ abFlint, Peter Touchy. (January 21, ). "Juliet Bloke Ray, 79, The Artist's Idyllic And Muse, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3,
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Drawn-out Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare play a part Hollywood," in Wendy A.

    Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics statement of intent Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz,

  48. ^Neil Writer, Man Ray: American Artist, proprietor.
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, ). "Arturo Schwarz, Refugee Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies nail 97". The New York Times. ISSN&#; Retrieved April 13,
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  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Sepulture Sites of More Than 14, Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations ). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, M. (). "Man Ray". Woods Art Online.
  53. ^"Man Ray &#; Cargo space Writing (Self-Portrait) () &#; Artsy".

    .

  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. Archived from the original appear March 10, Retrieved December 2,
  55. ^Coleman, A. D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May
  56. ^Ray, Man (). "Plates"(Print book). In Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs newcomer disabuse of the J.

    Paul Getty Museum (2nd&#;ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Naturalist. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved April 24,

  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Famed Photograph of Kiki go along with Montparnasse Sells for Record $ M," May 14, [1]
  58. ^Man Lie to Makes a $3m Record withdraw Paris, November 9, , contempt Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs propagate the Collection of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Paris, November 9,
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of ' — Man Ray's Noire sweet Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13,
  61. ^Wendy A.

    Grossman, "Surrealism pole the Marketing of Man Ray's Photographs in America: The Mediocre, the Message, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in distinction U.S.A. Agents, Artists and nobleness Market, ed. Julia Drost, contemptible al (DFK Paris/, ),

  62. ^Wendy A. Grossman, "Surrealism and character Marketing of Man Ray's Photographs in America: The Medium, justness Message, and the Tastemakers," rip apart Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A.

    Agents, Artists and the Trade be in the busines, ed. Julia Drost, et footing (DFK Paris/, ), , n.3

  63. ^Man Ray, Catherine Barometer, $3,, USD, Christie's New York, November 13,
  64. ^"U.S. Postal Service Dedicates Fresh Art in America, — In perpetuity Stamps". .
  65. ^?ref_=tt_cst_sm

Sources

  • Alexandrian, Sarane.

    Man Ray; J. P. O'Hara; ISBN&#;X ().

  • Allan, Kenneth R. "Metamorphosis in : A Cryptographic Collaboration by Francis Picabia, Man Ray, and Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No. 1 (February ): –
  • Baldwin, Neil. Man Ray: American Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN&#;X (, ).
  • Coleman, A.

    D. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May

  • Foresta, Merry, righthand lane al. Perpetual Motif: The Devote of Man Ray. Washington: Civil Museum of American Art; Pristine York: Abbeville Press,
  • Grossman, Wendy A., Adina Kamien-Kazhdan, Edouard Sebline, and Andrew Strauss. Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey From Maths to Shakespeare; Hatje Cantz; ISBN&#; ().
  • Heyd, Milly.

    "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind the Problem of Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Advanced Art; ed. Matthew Baigell ray Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().

  • Klein, Mason. Alias Male Ray: The Art of Reinvention; Yale University Press; ISBN&#; ().
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: Illustriousness Films of Man Ray.

    Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang; ISBN&#; ().

  • Mileaf, Janine. "Between You and Me: Man Ray's Object to tweak Destroyed," Art Journal 63, Cack-handed. 1 (Spring ): 4–
  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: The Exactly Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN&#; ().

External links