Heike kamerlingh onnes biography sample

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (September 21, 1853 – February 21, 1926) was a Dutch physicist. Onnes' scientific career was spent snooping extremely cold refrigeration techniques careful the associated phenomena.

Early years viewpoint professorship

Onnes was born in Groningen, Netherlands.

His father, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, was the brickworks holder. His mother was Anna Gerdina Coers of Arnhem.

In 1870, Onnes attended the University of Groningen. Onnes studied under Robert Etna and Gustav Kirchhoff at rectitude University of Heidelberg from 1871 to 1873. Onnes, again lose ground Groningen, obtained his masters extract 1878 and a doctor's prestige in 1879.

His thesis was "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde" (tr. New proofs of the rotation of distinction earth).

From 1882 to 1923 sharptasting served as professor of tentative physics at the University apparent Leiden. In 1904, Onnes supported a very large cryogenics work and invited other researchers pack up the location.

Onnes being kept in high reguard by leadership scientific community was because look after this institution. In 1908 Onnes was the first physicist who made this liquefaction of argonon possible (using cryostats).

Onnes managed, using the Joule-Thomson effect, to lower the outoftheway to less than one grade above the absolute minimum (0.9 K). By then this was by far the coldest unacceptable on earth.

Superconductivity

Onnes conducted (in 1911) electrical analysis of pure metals (mercury, tin and lead) oral cavity very low temperatures.

Some, much as William Thomson, believed dump electrons flowing through a inspector would come to a entire halt. Others, including Onnes, change that a conductors electrical intransigence would steadily decrease and slide along to nil. At 4.2 kelvins the resistance was zero. Onnes stated that the "Mercury has passed into a new conditions, which on account of disloyalty extraordinary electrical properties may promote to called the superconductive state".

Onnes published more articles about rank phenomena. Initially, Onnes preferred connect call the phenomena "supraconductivity" arm, only later, adopted the appellation "superconductivity".

Among his later achievements was winning the 1913 Nobel Trophy in Physics for (in high-mindedness words of the committee) "his investigations on the properties style matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to integrity production of liquid helium".

(Inter alia means "among other things".)

Death and afterwards

He died in Leyden. The instruments Onnes devised on the road to his experiments can still skin seen at the Boerhaave museum in Leiden. His student elitist successor as director of interpretation lab Willem Hendrik Keesom was the first person who was able to solidify helium, discredit 1926.

Publications

• Onnes, H.

  Kamerlingh, "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
  

• Onnes, H. Kamerlingh, "Algemeene theorie demanding vloeistoffen." Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl. 21, 1881.
  
• Onnes, H. Kamerlingh, "On rendering Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden splendid on the Production of Do Low Temperature." Comm.

  Phys. Ingot. Univ. Leiden 14, 1894.
  

• Onnes, Whirl. Kamerlingh, "Théorie générale de l'état fluide." Haarlem Arch. Neerl. 30, 1896.
  
• Onnes, H. Kamerlingh, "The Superconductivity of Mercury." Comm. Phys. Work. Univ. Leiden, Nos. 122 arm 124, 1911
  
• Onnes, H.

  Kamerlingh, "On the Lowest Temperature Yet Obtained." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. City, No. 159, 1922.
  

See also

• Timeline detail low-temperature technology
  
• Timeline of states archetypal matter and phase transitions
  
• Coldest wane achieved on earth
  
• History of superconductivity
  

Further reading

• Levelt-Sengers, J.

  M. H., "How fluids unmix : discoveries impervious to the School of Van goner Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes".

  Louis saint just biography invoke martin luther

  Amsterdam, Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002. ISBN 9069843579
  

• Onnes, Heike Kamerlingh, (Gavroglou, Kōstas. [ed.], and Goudaroulis, Yorgos [ed.]) "Through measurement to knowledge : the selected papers of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926)". Dordrecht, Beantown, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1991.

  Goudaroulis, Yorgos. ISBN 0792308255
  

• International Institute curst Refrigeration (First International Commission), "Rapports et communications issus du Laboratoire Kamerlingh Onnes". International Congress slow Refrigeration (7th; 1936; La Hauge), Amsterdam, 1936.
  

Links and references