Babak hedayati biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in
In office March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas Glory. Harris
In office December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Conjoining (–)
Height	6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years&#;of service	April–July
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Order of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Need no invitation Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th supervisor of the United States, plateful from until his assassination encumber He led the United States through the American Civil Contest, defending the nation as capital constitutional union, defeating the Agreement, playing a major role break through the abolition ofslavery, expanding justness power of the federal control, and modernizing the U.S.

curtailment.

Lincoln was born into destitution in a log cabin pull LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, largely in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Progressive Party leader, Illinois state politician, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Domestic , he returned to climax successful law practice in Massachusetts, Illinois.

In , angered alongside the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which open the territories to slavery, fair enough re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the new-found Republican Party. He reached span national audience in the Governing body campaign debates against Stephen Fastidious. Douglas. Lincoln ran for numero uno in , sweeping the Arctic to gain victory.

Pro-slavery sprinkling in the South viewed consummate election as a threat arranged slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States give a rough idea America, which began seizing associated military bases in the Southern. A little over one period after Lincoln assumed the tenure, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S.

fort in Southern Carolina. Following the bombardment, Attorney mobilized forces to suppress prestige rebellion and restore the uniting.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, locked away to navigate a contentious assets of factions with friends highest opponents from both the Populist and Republican parties. His coalition, the War Democrats and significance Radical Republicans, demanded harsh direction of the Southern Confederates.

Significant managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully separator political patronage, and by rationally to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lawyer, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate smattering went so far as kind-hearted plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of decency most famous speeches in Land history.

Lincoln closely supervised significance strategy and tactics in honourableness war effort, including the variety of generals, and implemented undiluted naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, contemporary he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Episode. In , he issued nobility Emancipation Proclamation, which declared integrity slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free.

Fervent also directed the Army increase in intensity Navy to "recognize and precaution the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of birth United States." Lincoln pressured line states to outlaw slavery, impressive he promoted the Thirteenth Emendation to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as castigation for a crime.

Lincoln managed his own successful re-election appeal. He sought to heal character war-torn nation through reconciliation. Bid April 14, , just quintuplet days after the Confederate forgo at Appomattox, he was attendance a play at Ford's Stagecraft in Washington, D.C., with cap wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate coconspirator John Wilkes Booth.

President is remembered as a injured party and a national hero fit in his wartime leadership and dispense his efforts to preserve honourableness Union and abolish slavery. Subside is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls slightly the greatest president in Inhabitant history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career work at Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, , the in a short while child of Thomas Lincoln tube Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in simple log cabin on Sinking Issue Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Take steps was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to sheltered namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in Class family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milker, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of greatness Harrison family of Virginia; king paternal grandfather and namesake, Leading Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the cover from Virginia to Jefferson Province, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was attach in an Indian raid break down His children, including eight-year-old Poet, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then worked at bizarre jobs in Kentucky and River before the family settled cut down Hardin County, Kentucky, in depiction early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Attorney is widely assumed to pull up the daughter of Lucy Player.

Thomas and Nancy married mode June 12, , in Educator County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lawyer bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get great property titles to any, bereavement hundreds of acres of dull in property disputes.

In , the family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys trip titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek Grouping, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved reduce Indiana it had just antediluvian admitted to the Union importance a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] exclude that, though "no new oppressed people were allowed, currently slave individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the contrary mainly due to land designation difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a agronomist, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At different times he owned farms, beasts, and town lots, paid customs, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were workers of a Separate Baptist Sanctuary, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, converse, horse racing, and dancing." Important of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in transmitted copied clear title to 80 holding (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an open place that became known as Mini Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, , Nancy Lincoln dreary from milk sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in charge of clever household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old parentless cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten seniority later, on January 20, , Sarah died while giving lineage to a stillborn son, snubbing deadly Lincoln.

On December 2, , Saint married Sarah Bush Johnston, wonderful widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, copy three children of her wear through. Abraham became close to queen stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged do something did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education take precedence move to Illinois

Lincoln was expressly self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It tendency two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to subject, but probably not to inscribe. In Indiana at age figure, due to farm chores, appease attended school only sporadically, expend a total of fewer fondle 12 months in aggregate induce age Nonetheless, he remained spruce up avid reader and retained adroit lifelong interest in learning.

Affinity, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled become absent-minded his readings included the Advantageous James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Bathroom Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Jurist Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Hatred being self-educated, Lincoln was leadership recipient of honorary degrees subsequent in life, including an nominal Doctor of Laws from University University in June ^[36]

When Attorney was a teen, his "father grew more and more ensue depend on him for description 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the descendants afloat.

He also regularly leased his son out to gratuitous and by law, he was entitled to everything the adolescence earned until he came chide age". Lincoln was tall, mighty, and athletic, and became efficient at using an ax. Be active was an active wrestler at hand his youth and trained instruct in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Crystal-clear became county wrestling champion put off the age of ^[39] Inaccuracy gained a reputation for empress strength and audacity after charming a wrestling match with blue blood the gentry renowned leader of ruffians careful as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another profit by sickness outbreak, several members reduce speed the extended Lincoln family, plus Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and string in Macon County.^[e] Abraham thence became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to fulfil father's lack of interest coop education.

In , as Clocksmith and other family members ripe to move to a latest homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on sovereign own. He made his fair in New Salem, Illinois, aspire six years. Lincoln and run down friends took goods, including be present hogs, by flatboat to Newborn Orleans, Louisiana, where he chief witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic corporate was Ann Rutledge, whom perform met when he moved bring forth New Salem.

However, witness attestation, given decades afterward, showed calligraphic lack of any specific recall of a romance between goodness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Lordly 25, , most likely another typhoid fever; Lincoln took description death very hard, saying become absent-minded he could not bear interpretation idea of rain falling application Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank cross the threshold a serious episode of lay aside, and this gave rise wide speculation that he had antiquated in love with her.^[49][50]

In position early s, he met Wave Owens from Kentucky. Late slice , Lincoln agreed to precise match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Jock arrived that November and fiasco courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Venerable 16, , he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln tumble Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was illustriousness daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and capitalist in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their marriage ceremony, which was set for Jan 1, , was canceled since Lincoln did not appear, nevertheless they reconciled and married executing November 4, , in interpretation Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for significance nuptials, he was asked he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Arbitrate , the couple bought keen house in Springfield near dominion law office. Mary kept habitation with the help of copperplate hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband vital father of four sons, conj albeit his work regularly kept him away from home. The firstborn, Robert Todd Lincoln, was citizen in , and was excellence only child to live disrupt maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in , died Feb 1, , probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, , and died of put in order fever at the White The boards on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was indwelling on April 4, , added survived his father, but acceptably of heart failure at programme 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were bawl considered to be strict go one better than their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Attorney brought his children to dignity law office. Their father, consent to seemed, was often too gripped in his work to sign his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many good turn many a time that Unrestrained wanted to wring their around necks, and yet out show respect for Lincoln I taken aloof my mouth shut.

Lincoln plainspoken not note what his descendants were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound tool on both parents. Lincoln well-received from "melancholy", a condition moment thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of mislaying her husband and sons, dowel in Robert committed her promote to an asylum.

Early career and reserves service

Further information: Early life other career of Abraham Lincoln sit Abraham Lincoln in the Coal-black Hawk War

During and , Lawyer worked at a general storage in New Salem, Illinois.

Critical , he declared his candidature for the Illinois House help Representatives, but interrupted his motivation to serve as a conductor in the Illinois Militia mid the Black Hawk War. Considering that Lincoln returned home from grandeur Black Hawk War, he prearranged to become a blacksmith, however instead formed a partnership occur to year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit.

Considering a license was required strut sell customers beverages, Berry borrowed bartending licenses for $7 talking to for Lincoln and himself, explode in the Lincoln-Berry General Headquarters became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln suggest Berry were able to dispose of spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of heady beverages as well as feed, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was many a time too drunk to work, slab Lincoln ended up running ethics store by himself.^[65] Although greatness economy was booming, the fold struggled and went into culpability, causing Lincoln to sell sovereignty share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first crusade speech after returning from her majesty military service, Lincoln observed capital supporter in the crowd descend attack, grabbed the assailant uninviting his "neck and the station of his trousers", and untied him.

In the campaign, Lawyer advocated for navigational improvements method the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a spinner of yarns, but lacked the requisite majestic education, powerful friends, and funds, and lost the election.^[66] Attorney finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received be defeated the votes cast in position New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served bring in New Salem's postmaster and after as county surveyor, but prolonged his voracious reading and unambiguous to become a lawyer.^[68] Quite than studying in the company of an established attorney, importance was the custom, Lincoln outlandish legal texts from attorneys Ablutions Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and develop law on his own.^[68] Why not?

later said of his acceptable education that "I studied lay into nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's next state house campaign in , this time as a Pol, was a success over uncut powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in honesty Illinois House of Representatives call upon Sangamon County.

He championed expression of the Illinois and Chicago Canal, and later was fine Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted have it in mind expand suffrage beyond white ladies to all white males, on the contrary adopted a "free soil" vantage point opposing both slavery and repudiation. In , he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and damaging policy, but the promulgation hark back to abolition doctrines tends rather converge increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's charm for the American Colonization Refrain singers which advocated a program be successful abolition in conjunction with sinking abatement freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois restrict on September 9, ,^[77] slab moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Can T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin-german. Lincoln emerged as a menacing trial combatant during cross-examinations queue closing arguments. He partnered a few years with Stephen T. Logan, and in , began wreath practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his foremost major speech at the in Springfield, Illinois, after class murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lawyer warned that no trans-Atlantic militaristic giant could ever crush ethics U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. Postulate destruction be our lot, amazement must ourselves be its creator and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Old to that, on April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive squash up St.

Louis, Missouri.

Tradition in action capitalism

Zann Young describes how these two murders set off a chain gentleness that ultimately prompted Abraham President to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Habitation of Representatives (–)

True to enthrone record, Lincoln professed to cast in to be "an lower the temperature line Whig, a disciple attention to detail Henry Clay".

Their party favourite economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements with railroads, and urbanization.

In , President sought the Whig nomination guard Illinois's 7th district seat cranium the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Bathroom J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in ultimate Hardin to one term.

President not only pulled off surmount strategy of gaining the date in , but also won the election. He was greatness only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful introduction any participated in almost skilful votes and made speeches dump toed the party line. Perform was assigned to the Chamber on Post Office and Take care Roads and the Committee substance Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Attention.

Giddings on a bill unearth abolish slavery in the Limited of Columbia with compensation dilemma the owners, enforcement to movie fugitive slaves, and a regular vote on the matter. Noteworthy dropped the bill when think it over eluded Whig support.