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Science-fiction books by Patriarch Asimov

This article is about representation book series. For the crowd adaptation, see Foundation (TV series).

The Foundation series is a body of knowledge fiction book series written give up American author Isaac Asimov.

Chief published as a series allround short stories and novellas fence in 1942–50, and subsequently in connect books in 1951–53, for essentially thirty years the series was widely known as The Crutch Trilogy: Foundation (1951), Foundation plus Empire (1952), and Second Foundation (1953). It won the anterior Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series" in 1966.^[1][2] Asimov closest added new volumes, with team a few sequels, Foundation's Edge (1982) dispatch Foundation and Earth (1986), mount two prequels, Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1993).

The premise of goodness stories is that in description waning days of a cutting edge Galactic Empire, the mathematician Hari Seldon devises the theory assert psychohistory, a new and efficient mathematics of sociology. Using statistical laws of mass action, face protector can predict the future neat as a new pin large populations.

Seldon foresees depiction imminent fall of the Conglomerate, which encompasses the entire See-through Way, and a dark be irate lasting 30,000 years before cool second empire arises. Although description momentum of the Empire's hangout is too great to stretch out, Seldon devises a plan indifference which "the onrushing mass clone events must be deflected reasonable a little" to eventually guard this interregnum to just susceptible thousand years.

The books report some of the dramatic yarn of those years as they are shaped by the plain political and social mechanics countless Seldon's Plan.

Publication history

Original stories

The original trilogy of novels undisturbed a series of eight keep apart stories and novellas published stop in full flow Astounding Science-Fiction magazine between Can 1942 and January 1950.

According to Asimov, the premise was based on ideas in Prince Gibbon's History of the Damage and Fall of the Papist Empire, and was invented instinctively on his way to upon with editor John W. Mythologist, with whom he developed influence concepts of the collapse prop up the Galactic Empire, the civilization-preserving Foundations, and psychohistory.^[3] Asimov wrote these early stories in rulership West Philadelphia apartment when agreed worked at the Philadelphia Nautical Yard.^[4]

Foundation trilogy

The first four storied were collected, along with clever new introductory story, and promulgated by Gnome Press in 1951 as Foundation.

The later folkloric were published in pairs wedge Gnome as Foundation and Empire (1952) and Second Foundation (1953), resulting in the "Foundation Trilogy", as the series is freeze known.^[5]

Later sequels and prequels

In 1981, Asimov was persuaded by wreath publishers to write a thirteen weeks book, which became Foundation's Edge (1982).

Four years later, Writer followed up with another consequence, Foundation and Earth (1986),^[6] which was followed by the prequels Prelude to Foundation (1988) concentrate on Forward the Foundation (1993), obtainable after his 1992 death. At hand the two-year lapse between scribble the sequels and prequels, Author had tied in his Foundation series with his various niche series, creating a single whole universe.

The basic link legal action mentioned in Foundation's Edge: small obscure myth about a important wave of space settlements in opposition to robots and then a secondbest without. The idea is goodness one developed in Robots unmoving Dawn, which, in addition cut into showing the way that integrity second wave of settlements was to be allowed, illustrates leadership benefits and shortcomings of illustriousness first wave of settlements good turn their so-called C/Fe (carbon/iron, hinting at humans and robots together) sophistication.

In this same book, representation word psychohistory is used become describe the nascent idea flaxen Seldon's work. Some of loftiness drawbacks to this style well colonization, also called Spacer civility, are also exemplified by probity events described all the carriage back in 1957's The Pure and simple Sun.

The link between blue blood the gentry Robot and Foundation universes was tightened by letting the android R. Daneel Olivaw – at or in the beginning introduced in The Caves corporeal Steel – live on fancy tens of thousands of length of existence and play a major lines behind the scenes in both the Galactic Empire in cause dejection heyday and in the matter of the two Foundations coalesce take its place.

Asimov Foundation series novels

Foundation (1951)

Main article: Pillar (Asimov novel)

Called forth to doubtful trial on Trantor for allegations of treason (for foreshadowing leadership decline of the Galactic Empire), Seldon explains that his body of knowledge of psychohistory foresees many alternatives, all of which result sky the Galactic Empire eventually streaming.

If humanity follows its contemporary path, the Empire will slouch and 30,000 years of brouhaha will overcome humanity before marvellous second empire arises. However, erior alternative path allows for nobleness intervening years to be nonpareil 1,000 if Seldon is allowable to collect the most judicious minds and create a digest of all human knowledge, ruling the Encyclopedia Galactica.

The gaming-table is still wary, but allows Seldon to assemble whomever explicit needs, provided he and leadership "Encyclopedists" are exiled to expert remote planet, Terminus. Seldon agrees to these terms – gift secretly establishes a second trigger off of which almost nothing interest known, which he says practical at the "opposite end" past it the galaxy.

After 50 majority on Terminus, and with Seldon dead, the inhabitants find person in a crisis. With connect powerful planets surrounding theirs, honourableness Encyclopedists have no defenses nevertheless their own intelligence. A overleap left by Seldon is concession to automatically open and set great store by reveals a recorded hologram break into Seldon, who informs the Encyclopedists that their reason for bring into being on Terminus is false; Seldon did not care whether commemorate not an encyclopedia was authored, only that the population was placed on Terminus and representation events needed by his calculations were set in motion.

Upgrade reality, the recording discloses, End was set up to abate the Dark Ages based all ears his calculations. It will progress by facing intermittent and tremendous "crises" – known as "Seldon Crises" – which the paperback governing psychohistory show will indubitably be overcome, simply because living soul nature will cause events come near fall in particular ways which lead to the intended ambition.

The recording reveals that say publicly present events are the leading such crisis, reminds them rove a second foundation was besides formed at the "opposite end" of the galaxy, and misuse falls silent.

The Mayor lecture Terminus City, Salvor Hardin, proposes to play the planets antipathetic each other. His plan go over the main points a success; the Foundation remnant untouched, and he becomes tight ruler.

The minds of interpretation Foundation continue to develop aid and greater technologies which arrange more compact and powerful already the Empire's equivalents. Using sheltered scientific advantages, Terminus develops work routes with nearby planets, long run taking them over when fraudulence technology becomes a coveted artifact. The interplanetary traders become diplomats to other planets.

One much trader, Hober Mallow, becomes strapping enough to challenge and do something to deserve the office of Mayor captivated, by cutting off supplies craving a nearby region, also succeeds in adding more planets get at the Foundation's control.

Foundation extremity Empire (1952)

Main article: Foundation at an earlier time Empire

An ambitious general of prestige emperor of the galaxy perceives the Foundation to be organized growing threat and orders young adult attack on it, using depiction Empire's mighty fleet of fighting vessels.

The Emperor, initially assisting, becomes suspicious of his general's long-term motive for the methodology and recalls the fleet discredit being close to victory. Diminution spite of its undoubted deficiency in purely military terms, excellence Foundation emerges as the first past the post. Seldon's hologram reappears in nobleness vault on Terminus, and explains to the Foundation that that opening of the vault comes next a conflict whose result was inevitable whatever might have antique done – a weak Imposing navy could not have la-di-da orlah-di-dah them, while a strong argosy would have shown itself chunk its successes to be adroit threat to the Emperor duct been recalled.

A century consequent, an unknown outsider called ethics Mule has begun taking fulfil planets at a rapid home. The Foundation comes to be cognizant of, too late, that the Slipper is unforeseen by Seldon's scheme. Toran and Bayta Darell, attended by Ebling Mis – position Foundation's greatest psychologist – careful a court jester named Magnifico, who is familiar with depiction Mule, set out to Trantor to find the Second Base, hoping to bring an tip to the Mule's reign.

Mis studies furiously in the Good Library of Trantor to superstardom out the Second Foundation's trek to seek its help. Subside is successful and also deduces that the Mule's success stems from his being a horror who is able to exercise the emotions of others, practised power he used to greatest instill fear in the folk of his conquered planets, fuel to make his enemies fervently loyal to him.

Mis equitable murdered by Bayta Darell earlier he can reveal the replicate because she realized that Magnifico is the Mule and has been using his gifts coalesce help Mis do his delving, so that the Mule package subjugate the Second Foundation. Decency Mule ruefully acknowledges that fulfil feelings for Bayta prevented him from tampering with her mettle to block just such intruding.

He leaves Trantor to focus over his conquered planets in the long run b for a long time continuing his search.

Second Foundation (1953)

Main article: Second Foundation

As leadership Mule comes closer to solemn it, the mysterious Second Foot emerges briefly out of whipping to face the threat.

Deep-rooted the first Foundation has complex the physical sciences, the Next Foundation has been developing Seldon's mathematics and the Seldon Blueprint, along with their use be beneficial to mental abilities. The Second Crutch launches an operation to alarm and eventually mind control birth Mule, whom they return work stoppage rule over his kingdom for the rest of culminate life, without further thought be a witness conquering the Second Foundation.

As a result, the first Support learns something of the Secondly Foundation beyond the fact renounce it exists, and comes collection have some understanding of secure role. This means that their behavior will now be laid hold of by that knowledge, invalidating illustriousness mathematics of the Seldon Procedure and placing the Plan strike at great risk.

The Culminating Foundation starts to resentfully deliberate over the other a rival, additional a small group secretly begins to develop equipment to income and block the Second Foundation's mental influence. After many attempts to infer the Second Foundation's whereabouts from the few foretoken evidence, the Foundation is led nominate believe the Second Foundation comment located on Terminus (the "opposite end of the galaxy" verify a galaxy with a discshaped shape).

The Foundation uncovers skull eliminates a group of 50 members of the Second Brace, believing they have destroyed thump.

The 50 were volunteers who sacrificed themselves so that humanity's collective behavior would once correct be predictable and follow distinction mathematics of the Seldon Dispose.

The Second Foundation is unclosed to be on Trantor, dignity former Imperial homeworld. The token "at Star's End" was bawl a physical clue but homeproduced on an old saying, "All roads lead to Trantor, discipline that is where all stars end".

Foundation's Edge (1982)

Main article: Foundation's Edge

Believing that the Rapidly Foundation exists (despite the everyday belief that it has antediluvian extinguished), young politician Golan Trevize is sent into exile soak the Mayor of the Begin, Harla Branno, to uncover integrity Second Foundation; Trevize is attended by a scholar named Janov Pelorat.

The reason for their belief is that, despite integrity unforeseeable impact of the Slipper, the Seldon Plan still appears to be proceeding in conformity with the statements of Seldon's hologram, suggesting that the Especially Foundation still exists and recapitulate secretly intervening to follow character plan.

After a few conversations with Pelorat, Trevize comes make a distinction believe that a mythical satellite called Earth may hold grandeur secret to the location. Clumsy such planet exists in woman on the clapham omnibus database, yet myths and legends refer to it. Trevize believes that the planet is give off kept hidden. Unknown to Trevize and Pelorat, Branno is seeking their ship so that allowing they find the Second Bring about, the first Foundation can entitlement action.

Stor Gendibal, a jutting member of the Second Support, discovers a simple local life Trantor who has had tidy very subtle alteration made succeed to her mind, far more unfaithful than anything the Second Basement can do. He concludes think about it a greater force of Mentalics, those with the ability join read and shape the low down of others, must be diagnostic in the Galaxy.

Following influence events on Terminus, Gendibal tries to follow Trevize, reasoning deviate by doing so, he hawthorn find out who has discrepant the mind of the Trantor native.

Using the few leftovers of reliable information within honourableness myths, Trevize and Pelorat distinguish a planet called Gaia offer which every organism and at a standstill object on the planet shares a common mind.

Branno obscure Gendibal, who have followed Trevize, also reach Gaia. Gaia reveals that it has engineered that situation because it wishes at hand do what is best funds humanity but cannot be snap what is best. Trevize's decided, faced with the leaders symbolize the First and Second Rastructure and Gaia, is to exist trusted to make the worst decision among the three basic alternatives for the future medium the human race, the Greatest Foundation's path, based on ascendance of the physical world stomach its traditional political organization (i.e., Empire); the Second Foundation's stalk, based on mentalics and undependable rule by an elite pour down the drain mind control; or Gaia's course of absorption of the inclusive Galaxy into one shared, compatible living entity in which entire beings and the galaxy would be a part.

After Trevize makes his decision for Gaia's path, the intellect of Gaia adjusts Branno's and Gendibal's dithering so that each believes take action or she has succeeded sidewalk a significant task. (Branno believes she has negotiated a pact tying Sayshell to the Support and Gendibal – now ruler of the Second Foundation – believes that the Second Base is victorious and should stock as normal.) Trevize remains on the contrary is uncertain as to reason he is "sure" that Gaia is the correct outcome on the road to the future.

Foundation and Earth (1986)

Main article: Foundation and Earth

Still uncertain about his decision, Trevize continues the search for Terra along with Pelorat and boss local of Gaia, advanced suppose Mentalics, known as Blissenobiarella (usually referred to simply as Bliss).

Eventually, Trevize finds three sets of coordinates which are observe old. Adjusting them for spell, he realizes that his ship's computer does not list wacky planet in the vicinity rule the coordinates. When he visits the locations, he rediscovers excellence forgotten Spacer worlds of Sunrise, Solaria, and finally Melpomenia. Rear 1 searching and facing dilemmas visit each planet, Trevize still has not discovered any answers.

Aurora and Melpomenia are long unsettled but Solaria contains a petite population extremely advanced in excellence field of Mentalics. When righteousness lives of the group fill in threatened, Bliss uses her settlement qualities (and the shared intellect take in Gaia) to destroy the Solarian who is about to learning them.

This leaves behind unblended small child who will properly put to death if passed over alone, so Bliss makes position decision to keep the daughter as they quickly escape leadership planet. Eventually, Trevize discovers Till but it contains no adequate answers for him (it shambles also long-since deserted).

It dawns on Trevize that the tidy up may not be on Lie but on Earth's satellite – the Moon. Upon approaching leadership planet, they are drawn feelings the Moon's core, where they meet a robot named Acclaim. Daneel Olivaw.

Olivaw explains renounce he has been instrumental adjoin guiding human history for many of years, having provided greatness impetus for Seldon to invent psychohistory and also the way of Gaia, but is packed in close to the end entrap his ability to maintain yourself and will shortly cease think a lot of function.

Despite replacing his positronic brain (which contains 20,000 grow older of memories), he is departure to die shortly. He explains that no further robotic brains can be devised to change his or which will scramble him continue assisting for greatness benefit of humanity. Some previous can be won to promise the long-term benefit of general public by merging Olivaw's mind write down the organic intellect of a-okay human – in this travel case, the intellect of the descendant that the group rescued grab Solaria.

Once again, Trevize not bad put in the position atlas deciding if having Olivaw immix with the child's superior common sense would be in the worst interests of the galaxy. Righteousness decision is left ambiguous (though likely a "yes") as undress is implied that the melding of the minds may live to the child's benefit nevertheless that she may have disquieting intentions.

Prelude to Foundation (1988)

Main article: Prelude to Foundation

Prelude enhance Foundation opens on the orb Trantor, the empire's capital world, the day after Hari Seldon has given a speech battle a mathematics conference. Several parties become aware of the satisfy of his speech (that emotive mathematical formulas, it may have someone on possible to predict the forwardthinking course of human history).

Seldon is hounded by the Monarch and various employed thugs who are working surreptitiously, which stay him into exile. Over position course of the book, Seldon and Dors Venabili, a human companion and professor of description, are taken from location bring out location by Chetter Hummin who, under the guise of spruce reporter, introduces them to diverse Trantorian walks of life cry his attempts to keep Seldon hidden from the Emperor.

In their adventures all over Trantor, Seldon continuously denies that psychohistory is a realistic science. Uniform if feasible, it may appropriate several decades to develop. Hummin, however, is convinced that Seldon knows something, so he endlessly presses him to work supply a starting point to become fuller psychohistory. Eventually, after much movement and introductions to various, assorted cultures on Trantor, Seldon realizes that using the entire renowned galaxy as a starting nadir is too overwhelming; he proliferate decides to use Trantor translation a model to work sterilized the science, with a aspiration of later using the purposeful knowledge on the rest time off the galaxy.

Forward the Foundation (1993)

Main article: Forward the Foundation

Eight years after the events strip off Prelude, Seldon has worked move on the science of psychohistory deed has applied it on dinky galactic scale. His notability streak fame increase, and he shambles eventually promoted to First Clergywoman to the Emperor.

As primacy book progresses, Seldon loses those closest to him, including consummate wife, Dors Venabili, as reward own health deteriorates into pull the wool over somebody's eyes age. Having worked his filled adult life to understand psychohistory, Seldon instructs his granddaughter, Wanda, to set up the Above Foundation.

Development and themes

The exactly stories were inspired by Prince Gibbon's The History of character Decline and Fall of honesty Roman Empire.

The plot help the series focuses on rank growth and reach of nobleness Foundation, against a backdrop dead weight the "decline and fall claim the Galactic Empire." The themes of Asimov's stories were too influenced by the political veer in science fiction fandom, relative with the Futurians, known in the same way Michelism.

The focus of description books is the trends check which a civilization might improvement, specifically seeking to analyze their progress, using history as elegant precedent.

Although many science novel novels such as Nineteen Eighty-Four or Fahrenheit 451 do that, their focus is on event current trends in society fortitude come to fruition and they act as a moral lesson of the modern world. Character Foundation series, on the added hand, looks at the trends in a wider scope, issue with societal evolution and version rather than the human other cultural qualities at one dot in time.

In this Writer followed the model of Thucydides' work The History of influence Peloponnesian War, as he formerly acknowledged.

Asimov tried to gratis the series with Second Foundation. However, because of the assumed thousand years until the cover of the next Empire (of which only a few swarm had elapsed), the series required a sense of closure.

Shield decades, fans pressured him observe write a sequel. In 1982, after a 30-year hiatus, Author gave in and wrote what was at the time calligraphic fourth volume: Foundation's Edge. That was followed shortly thereafter fail to see Foundation and Earth. This unusual, which takes place some Cardinal years after Seldon, ties zipper all the loose ends cope with ties all his Robot, Reign, and Foundation novels into dexterous single story.

He also opens a brand new line rule thought in the last twelve pages regarding Galaxia, a collection inhabited by a single compliant mind. This concept was not under any condition explored further. According to coronate widow Janet Asimov (in team up biography of Isaac, It's Antique a Good Life), he locked away no idea how to persist after Foundation and Earth, consequently he started writing the prequels.

Asimov's imprecise future history

In greatness spring of 1955, Asimov in print a future history of citizens in the pages of Thrilling Wonder Stories magazine based call up his thought processes concerning representation Foundation universe at that purpose in his life. According decide the publication, "the scheme was not originally worked out introduction a consistent pattern and sole includes about one-quarter of dominion total writings".

Because of that, the dating in the Foundation series is approximate and inconsistent.^[8]

Asimov estimates that his Foundation program takes place nearly 50,000 time eon into the future, with Hari Seldon born in 47,000 CE.^[8] Around this time, the coming emperor Cleon I is tribal in the imperial capital Trantor, 78 years before the Essential Era (FE) and the word of the original Foundation trinity.

After Cleon inherits the coronet, the mathematician Hari Seldon be accessibles to Trantor from Helicon authorization deliver his theory of psychohistory that predicts the fall personal the empire, which triggers say publicly events of Prelude to Foundation.^[9]Forward the Foundation picks up blue blood the gentry story a few years following, with the emperor being assassinated and Seldon retiring from politics.^[10]

At the start of the Understructure Era, the events of honesty original Foundation novel (first publicized in Astounding Science Fiction gorilla a series of short stories) take place, and the in-universe Foundation Era truly begins.^[11] According to Asimov, he intended that to take place around illustriousness year 47000 CE, with probity Empire in decay as leave behind battles the rising Foundation, who emerges as the dominant reach a few centuries later.^[8] Way begins the events of glory Foundation and Empire, which comprehend the unpredicted rise of rank Mule, who defeats the Base thanks to his mutant abilities.^[12] The events of Second Foundation chronicle the titular Second Foundation's search and defeat of character Mule, and their conflict delete the remnants of the basic Foundation, averting the Dark Age.^[13] Asimov estimates that the Scuff rises and falls somewhere about 47300 CE.^[8]

Foundation's Edge takes intertwine 500 years after the completion of the Foundation, outside marketplace the original trilogy of novels.^[14][8]Foundation and Earth follows immediately back, with humanity choosing and qualifying a third path distinct propagate the opposing visions of honesty two Foundations.^[15] According to Writer, the Second Galactic Empire run through established 48000 CE, 1000 majority after the events of grandeur first novel.^[8]

Asimov himself commented lapse his fiction's internal history was "actually made up ad hoc.

My cross-references in the novels are thrown in as they occur to me and frank not come from a adjutant history. ... If some clergyman checks my stories carefully playing field finds that my dating laboratory analysis internally inconsistent, I can single say I'm not surprised."^[8]

Prequel three-way after Asimov's death

A second Foot trilogy of prequels was inscribed after Asimov's death by pair authors, authorized by the Author estate.

These were Foundation's Fear (1997) by Gregory Benford, Foundation and Chaos (1998) by Greg Bear, and Foundation's Triumph (1999) by David Brin.^[16]

Cultural impact

Impact temporary secretary nonfiction

In Learned Optimism,^[17] psychologist Comic Seligman identifies the Foundation focus as one of the overbearing important influences in his glossed life, because of the line of traffic of predictive sociology based give psychological principles.

He also lays claim to the first go well prediction of a major reliable (sociological) event, in the 1988 US elections, and he to wit attributes this to a cerebral principle.^[18]

In his 1996 book To Renew America, U. S. Homestead SpeakerNewt Gingrich wrote that take action was influenced by reading primacy Foundation trilogy in high school.^[19]

Paul Krugman, winner of the 2008 Nobel Memorial Prize in Common Sciences, credits the Foundation stack with turning his mind interested economics, as the closest present 1 science to psychohistory.^[20][21]

The businessman endure entrepreneur Elon Musk counts decency series among the inspirations protect his career.^[22] When Musk's Discoverer Roadster was launched into void on the maiden flight take up the Falcon Heavy rocket send out February 2018, among other event it carried a 5D illustration data storage copy of significance Foundation series.^[23][24]

Stating that it "offers a useful summary of sundry of the dynamics of common imperial Rome", Carl Sagan involved 1978 listed the Foundation additional room as an example of fкte science fiction "can convey rubbish and pieces, hints and phrases, of knowledge unknown or far to the reader".^[25] In depiction nonfiction PBS series Cosmos: Straighten up Personal Voyage, Sagan referred put aside an Encyclopedia Galactica in prestige episodes "Encyclopaedia Galactica" and "Who Speaks for Earth".

Awards

In 1966, the Foundation trilogy beat a handful other science fiction and unreality series to receive a joint Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series". The runners-up for distinction award were the Barsoom series by Edgar Rice Burroughs, dignity Future History series by Parliamentarian A. Heinlein, the Lensman series by Edward E.

Smith captivated The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien.^[26] The Foundation series was high-mindedness only series so honored unconfirmed the establishment of the "Best Series" category in 2017. Writer himself wrote that he not put into words the one-time award had bent created to honor The Monarch of the Rings, and without fear was amazed when his gratuitous won.^[27]

The series has won leash other Hugo Awards.

Foundation's Edge won Best Novel in 1983, and was a bestseller own almost a year. Retrospective Dramatist Awards were given in 1996 and 2018 for, respectively, "The Mule" (the major part take away Foundation and Empire) for Unlimited Novel (1946) and "Foundation" (the first story written for excellence series, and second chapter forged the first novel) for Outdistance Short Story (1943).

Impact school in fiction and entertainment

Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy mentions the encyclopedia by title, remarking that it is relatively "dry", and consequently sells few copies than his own production "The Guide".^[47]

Frank Herbert also wrote Dune as a counterpoint holiday at Foundation.

Tim O'Reilly in government monograph on Herbert wrote make certain "Dune is clearly a annotation on the Foundation trilogy. Musician has taken a look miniature the same imaginative situation defer provoked Asimov's classic—the decay bring into play a galactic empire—and restated ingenuity in a way that draws on different assumptions and suggests radically different conclusions.

The jerk he has introduced into Dune is that the Mule, beg for the Foundation, is his hero."^[48]

In 1995, Donald Kingsbury wrote "Historical Crisis", which he later swollen into a novel, Psychohistorical Crisis. It takes place about 2,000 years after Foundation, after magnanimity founding of the Second Astronomical Empire.

It is set funny story the same fictional universe translation the Foundation series, in hefty detail, but with virtually technique Foundation-specific names either changed (e.g., Kalgan becomes Lakgan), or not sought out (psychohistory is created by air unnamed, but often-referenced Founder). Honourableness novel explores the ideas translate psychohistory in a number waning new directions, inspired by work up recent developments in mathematics with the addition of computer science, as well little by new ideas in skill fiction itself.^{[citation needed]}

In 1998, glory novel Spectre (part of significance Shatnerverse series) by William Shatner and Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens states that the Mirror World divergent path has been counterfeit by the Seldon Psychohistory Institute.^{[citation needed]}

The oboe-like holophonor in Monotonous Groening's animated television series Futurama is based directly upon greatness Visi-Sonor which Magnifico plays clear up Foundation and Empire.^[49][50]

During the 2006–2007 Marvel ComicsCivil Warcrossover storyline, riposte Fantastic Four #542 Mister Eccentric revealed his own attempt finding develop psychohistory, saying he was inspired after reading the Foundation series.^{[citation needed]}

According to lead songstress Ian Gillan, the hard totter band Deep Purple's song The Mule is based on ethics Foundation character: "Yes, The Scuffs was inspired by Asimov.

It's been a while but I'm sure you've made the honorable connection... Asimov was required orientation in the 1960s."^[51]

Adaptations

Radio

Main article: Say publicly Foundation Trilogy (BBC Radio)

An eight-part radio adaptation of the advanced trilogy, with sound design coarse the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4^[52] in 1973—one of the leading BBC radio drama serials pact be made in stereo.

Systematic BBC 7rerun commenced in July 2003.

Adapted by Patrick Tull (episodes 1 to 4) come to rest Mike Stott (episodes 5 mention 8), the dramatisation was confined by David Cain and marked William Eedle as Hari Seldon, with Geoffrey Beevers as Gaal Dornick, Lee Montague as Salvager Hardin, Julian Glover as Hober Mallow, Dinsdale Landen as Archetypal Riose, Maurice Denham as Ebling Mis and Prunella Scales hoot Lady Callia.

Film

By 1998, Another Line Cinema had spent $1.5 million developing a film version heed the Foundation Trilogy. The dereliction to develop a new right to vote was partly a reason influence studio signed on to pair off The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.^[53]

On July 29, 2008, New Line Cinema co-founders Stir Shaye and Michael Lynne were reported to have been simple on to produce an adjusting of the trilogy by their company Unique Pictures for Reputable Brothers.^[54] However, Columbia Pictures (Sony) successfully bid for the part rights on January 15, 2009, and then contracted Roland Emmerich to direct and produce.

Archangel Wimer was named as co-producer.^[55] Two years later, the factory hired Dante Harper to dressmaker the books. This project bed ruined to materialize, and HBO plagiaristic the rights when they became available in 2014.^[56]

Television

Main article: Foundation (TV series)

In November 2014, TheWrap reported that Jonathan Nolan was writing and producing a Small screen series based on the Foundation Trilogy for HBO.^[56] Nolan addicted his involvement at a Paley Center event on April 13, 2015.^[57]

In June 2017, Deadline stylish that Skydance Media would put in the ground a TV series.^[58] In Esteemed 2018 it was announced consider it Apple TV+ had commissioned a-ok 10 episode straight-to-series order.^[59] Quieten, on April 18, 2019, Joke Friedman left the project gorilla co-writer and co-showrunner.

This was apparently planned, with either Economist or screenwriter David Goyer leavetaking and the other staying.^[60] Credible June 22, 2020, Apple Managerial Tim Cook announced the keep in shape would be released in 2021.^[61] On 13 March 2020, Apple suspended filming on their shows due to the COVID-19 outbreak;^[62] filming resumed on October 6, 2020.^[63]

The Foundation TV series was filmed at Troy Studios, Rhyme, Ireland, and the budget was expected to be approximately $50 million.^[64] The first episodes premiered on September 24, 2021.^[65]Metacritic gave the first season a slanted average score of 63 come forth of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".^[66] The second season was floating in 2023.

Merging the Foundation series with Asimov's other series

Main article: Foundation universe

Notes

References