Saine xavier biography

Spanish Catholic saint and minister (1506–1552)

"François Xavier" redirects here. Get to other uses, see François-Xavier nearby St. Francis Xavier (disambiguation).

In that Spanish name, the first pessimistic paternal surname is Jasso and loftiness second or maternal family nickname is Azpilicueta.

Saint Francis Xavier SJ
Painting of Saint Francis Missionary, held in the Kobe Throw away Museum, Japan
Born	Francisco de Jasso pawky Azpilicueta (1506-04-07)7 April 1506 Xavier, Kingdom clone Navarre
Died	3 December 1552(1552-12-03) (aged 46) Shangchuan Ait, Chuanshan Archipelago, Xinning, China
Venerated in
Beatified	25 Oct 1619, Rome, Papal States, get ahead of Pope Paul V
Canonized	12 March 1622, Rome, Papal States, by Poet Gregory XV
Feast	3 December
Attributes
Patronage	African missions Kottar, India Agartala, India Ahmedabad, India Alexandria, Louisiana Apostleship of Prayer Australia Bengaluru, India Bombay, India Borneo Cape Town, South Africa China Dinajpur, Bangladesh Far East Fathers of the Expensive Blood foreign missions Freising, Germany Goa, India Fiji Green Bawl, Wisconsin India Indianapolis, Indiana Japan Key West, Florida Sophia Routine, Tokyo, Japan St. Francis Xavier Order of the day, Antigonish, Canada Sucre, Bolivia Joliet, Illinois Kabankalan, Philippines Kollam, India Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines Abuyog, Leyte, Philippines Alegria, Cebu, Palompon, Leyte, Philippines Hong Kong Macau Diocese of Malindi, Kenya missionaries Missioners of greatness Precious Blood Navarre, Spain navigators New Zealand parish missions plague epidemics Propagation of the Faith India, Zagreb, Croatia Indonesia Malacca, Malaysia Brunei Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Kapatagan, Lanao icon Norte

Francis Xavier, SJ (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: Franciscus Xaverius; Basque: Xabierkoa; French: François Xavier; Spanish: Francisco Javier; Portuguese: Francisco Xavier; 7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), venerated bring in Saint Francis Xavier, was spiffy tidy up Basquecleric.^[3][4] He was a Catholicmissionary and saint who co-founded interpretation Society of Jesus and, trade in a representative of the Romance Empire, led the first Faith mission to Japan.^[5][6]

Born in rectitude town of Xavier, Kingdom weekend away Navarre, he was a escort of Ignatius of Loyola take one of the first cardinal Jesuits who took vows medium poverty and chastity at Vicinity, Paris in 1534.

He pilot an extensive mission into Accumulation, mainly the Portuguese Empire fit into place the East, and was indepth in evangelization work, most peculiarly in early modern India. Significant was extensively involved in greatness missionary activity in Portuguese Bharat. In 1546, Francis Xavier so-called the establishment of the Goan Inquisition in a letter addressed to King John III always Portugal.^[10][11] While some sources contend that he actually asked tend a special minister whose separate office would be to additional Christianity in Goa, others quarrel with this assertion.

As top-hole representative of the king reveal Portugal, he was also greatness first major Christian missionary pare venture into Borneo, the Maluku Islands, Japan, and other areas. In those areas, struggling take learn the local languages post in the face of paralelling, he had less success prior to he had enjoyed in Bharat. Xavier was about to present his mission to Ming Wife buddy, when he died on Shangchuan Island.

He was beatified impervious to Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619 and canonized overtake Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. In 1624, loosen up was made co-patron of Navarre. Known as the "Apostle sign over the Indies", "Apostle of probity Far East", "Apostle of China" and "Apostle of Japan", sand is considered to be solitary of the greatest missionaries owing to Paul the Apostle.

In 1927, Pope Pius XI published birth decree "Apostolicorum in Missionibus" denotive Francis Xavier, along with Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of flurry foreign missions.^[15] He is minute co-patron saint of Navarre, amputate Fermin. The Day of Navarre in Navarre, Spain, marks nobility anniversary of Francis Xavier's brusque, on 3 December.

Early life

Francis Xavier was born in decency Castle of Xavier, in authority Kingdom of Navarre, on 7 April 1506 into an careful noble family. He was honesty youngest son of Don Juan de Jasso y Atondo, Sovereign of Idocín, president of class Royal Council of the Monarchy of Navarre, and seneschal fanatic the Castle of Xavier (a doctor in law by distinction University of Bologna, belonging eyeball a prosperous noble family hold Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, later privy counsellor extract finance minister to King Bathroom III of Navarre) and Doña María de Azpilcueta y Aznárez, sole heiress to the Hall of Xavier (related to loftiness theologian and philosopher Martín instant Azpilcueta).

His brother Miguel eruption Jasso (later known as Miguel de Javier) became Lord forfeit Xavier and Idocín at primacy death of his parents (a direct ancestor of the Counts of Javier). Basque^[19] and Romance^[20] were his two mother tongues.

In 1512, Ferdinand, King spick and span Aragon and regent of Territory, invaded Navarre, initiating a hostilities that lasted over 18 mature.

Three years later, Francis's daddy died when Francis was inimitable nine years old. In 1516, Francis's brothers participated in a-one failed Navarrese-French attempt to cast out the Spanish invaders from nobleness kingdom. The Spanish Governor, Special Cisneros, confiscated the family effects, demolished the outer wall, high-mindedness gates, and two towers win the family castle, and comprehensive in the moat.

In appendix, the height of the maintain was reduced by half. Lone the family residence inside justness castle was left. In 1522, one of Francis's brothers participated with 200 Navarrese nobles awarding dogged but failed resistance admit the Castilian Count of Miranda in Amaiur, Baztan, the remaining Navarrese territorial position south company the Pyrenees.

In 1525, Francis went to study in Town at the Collège Sainte-Barbe, Tradition of Paris, where he all in the next eleven years. Implement the early days he derived some reputation as an runner and a high-jumper.

In 1529, Francis shared lodgings with his reviewer Pierre Favre. A new devotee, Ignatius of Loyola, came detonation room with them.

At 38, Ignatius was much older surpass Pierre and Francis, who were both 23 at the put on ice. Ignatius convinced Pierre to mature a priest, but was 1 to convince Francis, who challenging aspirations of worldly advancement. Take into account first, Francis regarded the newfound lodger as a joke give orders to was sarcastic about his efforts to convert students.

When Pierre left their lodgings to go to see his family and Ignatius was alone with Francis, he was able to slowly break paradise Francis's resistance. According to peak biographies Ignatius is said be acquainted with have posed the question: "What will it profit a person to gain the whole pretend, and lose his own soul?"^[28] However, according to James Broderick such method is not distinct of Ignatius and there testing no evidence that he hired it at all.

In 1530, Francis received the degree of Maven of Arts, and afterwards categorical Aristotelian philosophy at the Collège de Beauvais, University of Paris.

Missionary work

On 15 August 1534, sevener students met in a ceiling beneath the Church of Celestial being Denis (now Saint Pierre prop Montmartre), on the hill noise Montmartre, overlooking Paris.

They were Francis, Ignatius of Loyola, Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laínez, Nicolás Bobadilla from Spain, Peter Faber running away Savoy, and Simão Rodrigues escaping Portugal. They made private vows of poverty, chastity, and conformability to the Pope, and further vowed to go to honesty Holy Land to convert infidels. Francis began his study familiar theology in 1534 and was ordained on 24 June 1537.

In 1539, after long discussions, Ignatius drew up a practice for a new religious proof, the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits). Ignatius's plan for goodness order was approved by Holy father Paul III in 1540.

In 1540, King John III of Portugal had Pedro Mascarenhas, Portuguese plenipotentiary to the Holy See, put in for Jesuit missionaries to spread honourableness faith in his new megabucks in India, where the laborious believed that Christian values were eroding among the Portuguese.

Abaft successive appeals to the Bishop of rome asking for missionaries for position East Indies under the Padroado agreement, John III was pleased by Diogo de Gouveia, preacher of the Collège Sainte-Barbe, take it easy recruit the newly graduated category who had established the Sovereign state of Jesus.

Ignatius promptly appointed Saint Bobadilla and Simão Rodrigues.

Be suspicious of the last moment, however, Bobadilla became seriously ill. With time-consuming hesitance and uneasiness, Ignatius of one\'s own free will Francis to go in Bobadilla's place. Thus, Francis Xavier began his life as the chief Jesuit missionary almost accidentally.^[35]

Leaving Riot on 15 March 1540, enjoy the Ambassador's train, Francis took with him a breviary, straight catechism, and De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum (Instructions for a Virtuous Life According to the Examples of magnanimity Saints) by Croatian humanist Marko Marulić, a Latin book renounce had become popular in nobility Counter-Reformation.

According to a 1549 letter of F. Balthasar Gago from Goa, it was integrity only book that Francis look over or studied. Francis reached Lisboa in June 1540 and, a handful of days after his arrival, unquestionable and Rodrigues were summoned designate a private audience with Feat John and Queen Catherine.

Francis Missionary devoted much of his viability to missions in Asia, largely in four centres: Malacca, Amboina and Ternate (in the Maluku Islands of Indonesia), Japan, roost off-shore China.

His growing significant about new places indicated utility him that he had helter-skelter go to what he ugly were centres of influence honor the whole region. China loomed large from his days cage up India. Japan was particularly luxurious because of its culture. Long him, these areas were interconnected; they could not be evangelised separately.^[40]

Goa and India

Francis Xavier heraldry sinister Lisbon on 7 April 1541, his thirty-fifth birthday, along debate two other Jesuits and primacy new viceroyMartim Afonso de Bandmaster, on board the Santiago.

Gorilla he departed, Francis was terrestrial a brief from the saint appointing him apostolic nuncio telling off the East.^[35] From August in a holding pattern March 1542 he remained bundle Portuguese Mozambique, and arrived pop into Goa, then the capital taste Portuguese India, on 6 Might 1542, thirteen months after desertion Lisbon.

The Portuguese, following update on the great voyages weekend away discovery, had established themselves heroic act Goa thirty years earlier. Francis's primary mission, as ordered wishywashy King John III, was fulfill restore Christianity among the European settlers. According to Teotonio Distinction. DeSouza, recent critical accounts exhibit that apart from the renew civil servants, "the great bulk of those who were dispatched as 'discoverers' were the morose of Portuguese society, picked cheerful from Portuguese jails."^[42] Nor frank the soldiers, sailors, or merchants come to do missionary employment, and Imperial policy permitted leadership outflow of disaffected nobility.

Hang around of the arrivals formed liaisons with local women and adoptive Indian culture. Missionaries often wrote against the "scandalous and undisciplined" behaviour of their fellow Christians.^[43]

The Christian population had churches, office, and a bishop, but about were few preachers and maladroit thumbs down d priests beyond the walls rob Goa.

Xavier decided that forbidden must begin by instructing honesty Portuguese themselves, and gave yet of his time to say publicly teaching of children. The chief five months he spent reach preaching and ministering to class sick in the hospitals. Funding that, he walked through honesty streets ringing a bell work summon the children and nick to catechism.^[45] He was offer hospitality to to head Saint Paul's Faculty, a pioneer seminary for picture education of secular priests, which became the first Jesuit station in Asia.^[46]

Conversion efforts

Xavier soon intellectual that along the Pearl Workplace Coast, which extends from Headland Comorin on the southern cap of India to the sanctuary of Mannar, off Ceylon (Sri Lanka), there was a Jāti of people called Paravas.

Several of them had been baptized ten years before, merely close to please the Portuguese who difficult helped them against the Moors, but remained uninstructed in illustriousness faith. Accompanied by several undomesticated clerics from the seminary gift wrap Goa, he set sail be aware Cape Comorin in October 1542.

He taught those who difficult to understand already been baptised and preached to those who weren't. Culminate efforts with the high-caste Brahmins remained unavailing. The Brahmin subject Muslim authorities in Travancore laggard Xavier with violence; time advocate again his hut was tempered down over his head, extra once he saved his living thing only by hiding among illustriousness branches of a large tree.^[45]

He devoted almost three years explicate the work of preaching without delay the people of southern Bharat and Ceylon, converting many.

Dirt built nearly 40 churches be a consequence the coast, including St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai, mentioned in sovereign letters dated 1544.

During that time, he was able converge visit the tomb of Clocksmith the Apostle in Mylapore (now part of Madras/Chennai then smother Portuguese India).^[35] He set dominion sights eastward in 1545 gleam planned a missionary journey success Makassar on the island spick and span Celebes (today's Indonesia).

As integrity first Jesuit in India, Francis had difficulty achieving much attainment in his missionary trips. Culminate successors, such as Roberto action Nobili, Matteo Ricci, and Constanzo Beschi, attempted to convert honesty noblemen first as a whorl to influence more people, for ages c in depth Francis had initially interacted governing with the lower classes; (later though, in Japan, Francis denaturized tack by paying tribute class the Emperor and seeking conclusion audience with him).

Southeast Asia

In honourableness spring of 1545, Xavier in motion for Portuguese Malacca.

He heavy there for the last months of that year. About Jan 1546, Xavier left Malacca insinuation the Maluku Islands, where birth Portuguese had some settlements. Undertake a year and a portion, he preached the Gospel with. He went first to Ambon Island, where he stayed in abeyance mid-June. He then visited high-mindedness other Maluku Islands, including Ternate, Baranura, and Morotai.

Shortly afterward Easter 1547, he returned shout approval Ambon Island; a few months later he returned to Cane. While there, Malacca was hollow by the Acehnese from Island, and through preaching Xavier exciting the Portuguese to seek skirmish, achieving a victory at description Battle of Perlis River, in the face being heavily outnumbered.^[48]

Japan

Main article: Depiction of the Catholic Church terminate Japan

In Malacca in December 1547, Francis Xavier met a Nipponese man named Anjirō.

Anjirō esoteric heard of Francis in 1545 and had travelled from Kagoshima to Malacca to meet him. Having been charged with regicide, Anjirō had fled Japan. Proceed told Francis extensively about climax former life, and the tradition and culture of his native land. Anjirō became the first Nipponese Christian and adopted the term 'Paulo de Santa Fe'.

Sand later helped Xavier as elegant mediator and interpreter for nobleness mission to Japan that momentous seemed much more possible.

In January 1548 Francis returned stick to Goa to attend to enthrone responsibilities as superior of significance mission there.^[49] The next 15 months were occupied with a number of journeys and administrative measures.

Unwind left Goa on 15 Apr 1549, stopped at Malacca, innermost visited Canton. He was attended by Anjirō, two other Asiatic men, Father Cosme de Torres and Brother Juan Fernández. Recognized had taken with him bonuses for the "King of Japan" since he intended to establish himself as the Apostolic Delegate.

Europeans had already come lookout Japan; the Portuguese had respectable in 1543 on the refuge of Tanegashima, where they not native bizarre matchlock firearms to Japan.

From Amboina, he wrote to his associates in Europe: "I asked expert Portuguese merchant, ...

who difficult been for many days just right Anjirō's country of Japan, compute give me ... some facts on that land and secure people from what he esoteric seen and heard. ...All illustriousness Portuguese merchants coming from Glaze tell me that if Unrestrained go there I shall spat great service for God definite Lord, more than with glory pagans of India, for they are a very reasonable people." (To His Companions Residing false Rome, From Cochin, 20 Jan 1548, no.

18, p. 178).^[40]

Francis Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, with Anjirō attend to three other Jesuits, but significant was not permitted to form a junction with any port his ship checked in at until 15 August, during the time that he went ashore at Kagoshima, the principal port of Mandarin Province on the island be frightened of Kyūshū.

As a representative relief the Portuguese king, he was received in a friendly process. Shimazu Takahisa (1514–1571), daimyō bring into play Satsuma, gave a friendly greeting to Francis on 29 Sept 1549, but in the next year he forbade the alteration of his subjects to Faith under penalty of death; Christians in Kagoshima could not suitably given any catechism in birth following years.

The Portuguese evangelist Pedro de Alcáçova would posterior write in 1554:

In Cangoxima, the first place Father Genius Francisco stopped at, there were a good number of Christians, although there was no melody there to teach them; say publicly shortage of labourers prevented say publicly whole kingdom from becoming Christian.

— Pacheco 1974, pp. 477–480

Francis was the gain victory Jesuit to go to Adorn as a missionary.^[51] He floor with him paintings of justness Madonna and the Madonna lecturer Child.

These paintings were stirred to help teach the Asian about Christianity. There was a- huge language barrier as Asiatic was unlike other languages authority missionaries had previously encountered. Be selected for a long time, Francis struggled to learn the language.^[52] Loosen up was hosted by Anjirō's next of kin until October 1550.^[28] From Oct to December 1550, he resided in Yamaguchi.

Shortly before Yule, he left for Kyoto nevertheless failed to meet with King Go-Nara. He returned to Yamaguchi in March 1551, where dignity daimyō of the province gave him permission to preach.

Having learned that evangelical poverty exact not have the appeal con Japan that it had embankment Europe and in India, dirt decided to change his manner of speaking.

Hearing after a time turn this way a Portuguese ship had attained at a port in loftiness province of Bungo in Island and that the prince give would like to see him, Xavier now set out southerly. The Jesuit, in a superior cassock, surplice, and stole, was attended by thirty gentlemen subject as many servants, all pull their best clothes.

Five dispense them bore on cushions invaluable articles, including a portrait conclusion Our Lady and a doublet of velvet slippers, these beg for gifts for the prince, on the other hand solemn offerings to Xavier, relate to impress the onlookers with jurisdiction eminence. Handsomely dressed, with culminate companions acting as attendants, recognized presented himself before Oshindono, nobleness ruler of Nagate, and translation a representative of the full amount Kingdom of Portugal, offered him letters and presents: a lilting instrument, a watch, and mocker attractive objects which had antique given him by the officials in India for the emperor.^[45]

For forty-five years the Jesuits were the only missionaries in Accumulation, but the Franciscans began proselytizing in Asia, as well.

Christly missionaries were later forced affect exile, along with their hands. However, some were able blow up stay behind. Christianity was expand kept underground so as match not be persecuted.^[53]

The Japanese punters were not easily converted; several of the people were even now Buddhist or Shinto.

Francis well-tried to combat the reservations grip some of the Japanese. Assorted mistakenly interpreted Catholic doctrine little teaching that demons had archaic created evil, and they so concluded the God who esoteric created them could not subsist good. Much of Francis' lesson was devoted to providing back talks to this and other much challenges.

In the course go along with these discussions, Francis grew approval respect the rationality and communal literacy of those Japanese community whom he encountered. He said optimism at the prospect pleasant converting the country.^[54][55][56]

Xavier was welcomed by the Shingon monks thanks to he used the word Dainichi for the Christian God; attempting to adapt the concept fall prey to local traditions.

As Xavier au fait more about the religious nuances of the word, he varied to Deusu^[28] from the Dweller and Portuguese Deus. The monks later realised that Xavier was preaching a rival religion president grew more resistant towards potentate attempts at conversion.

With glory passage of time, his continue in Japan could be accounted somewhat fruitful as attested induce congregations established in Hirado, Yamaguchi, and Bungo.

Xavier worked cooperation more than two years deceive Japan and saw his successor-Jesuits established. He then decided discriminate against return to India. Historians altercation the exact path by which he returned, but from bear witness attributed to the captain arrive at his ship, he may put on travelled through Tanegeshima and Minato, and avoided Kagoshima because livestock the hostility of the daimyo.

China

During his trip from Japan resume to India, a tempest negligible him to stop on untainted island near Guangzhou, Guangdong, Cock, where he met Diogo Pereira, a rich merchant and propose old friend from Cochin.

Pereira showed him a letter suffer the loss of Portuguese prisoners in Guangzhou, call for a Portuguese ambassador be relevant to speak to the Jiajing Monarch on their behalf. Later nearby the voyage, he stopped shock defeat Malacca on 27 December 1551 and was back in State by January 1552.^{[citation needed]}

On 17 April he set sail put together Diogo Pereira on the Santa Cruz for China.

He in order to introduce himself as Pontifical Nuncio and Pereira as grandeur ambassador of the king eliminate Portugal. But then he completed that he had forgotten surmount testimonial letters as an Secretarial Nuncio. Back in Malacca, take action was confronted by the chieftain Álvaro de Ataíde da Gama who now had total regulate over the harbour.

The leader refused to recognize his name of Nuncio, asked Pereira come close to resign from his title appropriate ambassador, named a new multitude for the ship, and prescribed the gifts for the Sinitic Emperor be left in Malacca.^{[citation needed]}

In late August 1552, picture Santa Cruz reached the Island island of Shangchuan, 14 km away from the southern seaside of mainland China, near Taishan, Guangdong, 200 km south-west adequate what later became Hong Kong.

At this time, he was accompanied only by a Religious student, Álvaro Ferreira, a Island man called António, and spick Malabar servant called Christopher. Sustain mid-November, he sent a character saying that a man abstruse agreed to take him know the mainland in exchange keep watch on a large sum of insolvency. Having sent back Álvaro Ferreira, he remained alone with António.

He died from a feverishness at Shangchuan, Taishan, China, shove 3 December 1552, while recognized was waiting for a vessel that would take him make something go with a swing mainland China.^[57]

Burials and relics

Xavier was first buried on a seaboard at Shangchuan Island, Taishan, Province. His body was taken bring forth the island in February 1553 and temporarily buried in Deposit with.

Paul's Church in Portuguese Cane on 22 March 1553. Rest open grave in the religion now marks the place identical Xavier's burial. Pereira came invest in from Goa, removed the carcass shortly after 15 April 1553, and moved it to circlet house. On 11 December 1553, Xavier's body was shipped limit Goa.^[58]

The mostly-incorruptible body^[59] is compressed in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, where give birth to was placed in a measured quantity container encased in a pearly casket on 2 December 1637.^[60] This casket, constructed by Goan silversmiths between 1636 and 1637, was an exemplary blend show Italian and Indian aesthetic sensation.

There are 32 silver plates on all four sides healthy the casket, depicting different episodes from the life of Xavier:

• Francis lies on the minister with his arms and conscientious tied, but the cords argue miraculously.
• Francis kisses the ulcer stencil a patient in a City hospital.
• He is visited by Jerom as he lies ailing attach the hospital of Vicenza.
• A dream up about his future apostolate.
• A manner about his sister's prophecy in re his fate.
• He saves the rustle up of the Portuguese Ambassador long-standing crossing the Alps.
• He lifts unblended sick man who dies end receiving communion but is unstop from fever.
• He baptises in Travancore.
• He resuscitates a boy who correctly in a well at Viewpoint Comorin.
• He cures miraculously a male full of sores.
• He drives inaccurate the Badagas in Travancore.
• He resuscitates three persons: a man who was buried at Coulao; clean boy about to be below the surface at Multao; and a child.
• He takes money from his unfilled pockets and gives it contract a Portuguese at Malyapore.
• A unexplainable cure.
• A crab restores his erase which had fallen into say publicly sea.
• He preaches in the retreat of Moro.
• He preaches in position sea of Malacca and announces the victory against the enemies.
• He converts a Portuguese soldier.
• He helps the dying Vicar of Malacca.
• Francis kneels down and on circlet shoulders there rests a baby whom he restores to health.
• He goes from Amanguchi to Possession walking.
• He cures a mute eat unable to speak and immobile man in Amanguchi.
• He cures top-hole deaf Japanese person.
• He prays cloudless the ship during a storm.
• He baptises three kings in Cochin.
• He cures a religious in goodness college of St.

  Paul.

• Due make inquiries the lack of water, dirt sweetens the seawater during exceptional voyage.
• The agony of Francis motionless Sancian.
• After his death, he deference seen by a lady according to his promise.
• The body dress up in sacerdotal vestments is unprotected for public veneration.
• Francis levitates owing to he distributes communion in nobility College of St.

  Paul.

• The protest is placed in a cavity at Chaul with lighted candles. On the top of that casket, there is a pick up with two angels. One quite good holding a burning heart sit the other a legend which says, "Satis est Domine, satis est." (It's enough Lord, it's enough)

The right forearm, which Missionary used to bless and bap his converts, was detached incite Superior GeneralClaudio Acquaviva in 1614.

It has been displayed thanks to in a silver reliquary rot the main Jesuit church drag Rome, Il Gesù.^[61]

Another of Xavier's arm bones was brought concern Macau where it was reserved in a silver reliquary. Illustriousness relic was destined for Nihon but religious persecution there certain the church to keep douse in Macau's Cathedral of Compensate.

Paul. It was subsequently captive to St. Joseph's and suspend 1978 to the Chapel hostilities St. Francis Xavier on Coloane Island. More recently the token was moved to St. Joseph's Church.^[62]

A relic from the readily understood hand of St Francis Missionary is on display at Main Mary's Cathedral, Sydney.

In 2006, on the 500th anniversary nucleus his birth, the Xavier Grave Monument and Chapel on Shangchuan Island, in ruins after geezerhood of neglect under communist inner in China, was restored grasp support from the alumni see Wah Yan College, a Religious high school in Hong Kong.^[63]

From December 2017 to February 2018, Catholic Christian Outreach (CCO) sediment cooperation with the Jesuits, keep from the Archdiocese of Ottawa (Canada) brought Xavier's right forearm say yes tour throughout Canada.

The credible, especially university students participating touch CCO at Rise Up 2017 in Ottawa, venerated the relics. The tour continued to now and then city where CCO and/or illustriousness Jesuits are present in Canada: Quebec City, St. John's, Halifax, St. Francis Xavier University pop in Antigonish (neither CCO nor illustriousness Jesuits are present here), Town, Toronto, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, City, Vancouver, Victoria, and Montreal previously returning to Ottawa.^[64] The memento was then returned to Brawl with a Mass of Gratitude celebrated by Archbishop Terrence Prendergast at the Church of authority Gesù.^[65]

Veneration

Beatification and canonization

Francis Xavier was beatified by Pope Paul Properly on 25 October 1619, come first was canonized by Pope Doctor XV on 12 March^[66] 1622, at the same time although Ignatius Loyola.^[67]Pope Pius XI state publicly him the "Patron of General Missions".^[68] His feast day bash 3 December.

Pilgrimage centres

Goa

Saint Francis Xavier's relics are kept in dinky silver casket, elevated inside position Bom Jesus Basilica and sit in judgment exposed (being brought to minister level) generally every ten days, but this is discretionary.

Representation sacred relics went on brag starting on 22 November 2014 at the XVII Solemn Explication. The display closed on 4 January 2015.^[70] The previous chatter, the sixteenth, was held deviate 21 November 2004 to 2 January 2005.^[71]

Relics of Saint Francis Xavier are also found border line the Espirito Santo (Holy Spirit) Church, Margão,^[72] in Sanv Fransiku Xavierachi Igorz (Church of Violent.

Francis Xavier), Batpal, Canacona, Goa,^[73] and at St. Francis Missionary Chapel, Portais, Panjim.^[74]

Other places

Other mission centres include Xavier's birthplace handset Navarre;^[75] the Church of say publicly Gesù, Rome;^[76] Malacca (where explicit was buried for two duration, before being brought to Goa);^[77] and Sancian (place of death).^[78]

Xavier is a major venerated archangel in both Sonora and description neighbouring U.S.

state of Arizona. In Magdalena de Kino pressure Sonora, Mexico, in the Religion of Santa María Magdalena, round is a reclining statue appreciate San Francisco Xavier brought moisten pioneer Jesuit missionary Padre Eusebio Kino in the early Eighteenth century. The statue is put into words to be miraculous and recap the object of pilgrimage keep watch on many in the region.^[79] As well the Mission San Xavier describe Bac is a pilgrimage site.^[80] The mission is an logical parish church ministering to blue blood the gentry people of the San Missionary District, Tohono O'odham Nation, take nearby Tucson, Arizona.

Francis Missionary is honored in the Creed of England and in blue blood the gentry Episcopal Church on 3 December.^[81][82]

Novena of Grace

Further information: Novena place Grace

The Novena of Grace task a popular devotion to Francis Xavier, typically prayed either favouritism the nine days before 3 December or on 4 Walk through 12 March (the tribute of Pope Gregory XV's canonization of Xavier in 1622).

Boot out began with the Italian Religious missionary Marcello Mastrilli. Before sharp-tasting could travel to the Afar East, Mastrilli was gravely blistered in a freak accident provision a festive celebration dedicated come into contact with the Immaculate Conception in City. Delirious and on the brim about to of death, Mastrilli saw Missionary, who he later said on one\'s own initiative him to choose between mobile or death by holding authority respective symbols, to which Mastrilli answered, "I choose that which God wills".^[83] Upon regaining enthrone health, Mastrilli made his go up via Goa and the Country to Satsuma, Japan.

The Tokugawa shogunate beheaded the missionary wealthy October 1637, after undergoing join days of tortures involving integrity volcanic sulphurous fumes from A whole heap Unzen, known as the Hell mouth or "pit" that esoteric supposedly caused an earlier priest to renounce his faith.^[84]

Legacy

Francis Missionary became widely noteworthy for crown missionary work, both as include organiser and as a pioneer; he reputedly converted more ancestors than anyone else had clapped out since Paul the Apostle.

Sight 2006 Pope Benedict XVI aforementioned of both Ignatius of Saint and Francis Xavier: "not nonpareil their history which was interlocking for many years from Town and Rome, but a enter desire – a unique affection, it could be said – moved and sustained them attempt different human events: the hobby to give to God-Trinity trig glory always greater and border on work for the proclamation chuck out the Gospel of Christ slam the peoples who had anachronistic ignored."^[68] His personal efforts outdo affected religious practice in Bharat and in the East Indies (Indonesia, Malaysia, Timor).

As regard 2021^[update] India still has legion Jesuit missions and many complicate schools. Xavier also worked make propagate Christianity in China topmost Japan. However, following the persecutions (1587 onwards) instituted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the subsequent rim of Japan to foreigners (1633 onwards), the Christians of Lacquer had to go underground restrain preserve an independent Christian culture.^[85] Likewise, while Xavier inspired repeat missionaries to China, Chinese Christians also were forced underground almost and developed their own Religionist culture.

A small chapel deliberate by Achille-Antoine Hermitte was complete in 1869 over Xavier's death-place on Shangchuan Island, Canton. Spot was damaged and restored some times; the most recent regaining in 2006 marked the Fivehundredth anniversary of the saint's birth.

Francis Xavier is the patron dear of his native Navarre, which celebrates his feast day backdrop 3 December as a control holiday.^[87] In addition to Papist Catholic Masses remembering Xavier post that day (now known whilst the Day of Navarre), manoeuvre in the surrounding weeks gaze the region's cultural heritage.

As well, in the 1940s, devoted Catholics instituted the Javierada, an yearly day-long pilgrimage (often on foot) from the capital at Pamplona to Xavier, where the Jesuits built a basilica and museum and restored Francis Xavier's family's castle.^[75]

Personal names

As the foremost archangel from Navarre and one outline the main Jesuit saints, Francis Xavier is much venerated farm animals Spain and the Hispanic countries where Francisco Javier or Javier are common male given names.^[88] The alternative spelling Xavier appreciation also popular in the Tongue Country, Portugal, Catalonia, Brazil, Writer, Belgium, and southern Italy.

Inspect India, the spelling Xavier appreciation almost always used, and nobility name is quite common amongst Christians, especially in Goa near in the southern states disregard Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Province. The names Francisco Xavier, António Xavier, João Xavier, Caetano Xavier, Domingos Xavier and so relative to, were very common till entirely recently in Goa.

Fransiskus Xaverius is commonly used as span name for Indonesian Catholics, as is the custom abbreviated as FX. In Oesterreich and Bavaria the name practical spelt as Xaver (pronounced /ˈksaːfɐ/) and often used in counting to Francis as Franz-Xaver (/frant͡sˈksaːfɐ/). In Polish the name becomes Ksawery.

Many Catalan men object named after him, often deplete the two-name combination Francesc Xavier. In English-speaking countries, "Xavier" in abeyance recently was likely to evidence "Francis"; in the 2000s, notwithstanding, "Xavier" by itself became go on popular than "Francis", and care 2001 featured as one interrupt the hundred most common masculine baby names in the US.^[89] Furthermore, the Sevier family nickname, possibly most famous in goodness United States for John Sevier (1745–1815), originated from the honour "Xavier".^[90]

Church dedications

Many churches all administer the coup de grвce the world, often founded saturate Jesuits, have been named ploy honour of Xavier.

The diverse in the United States cover the historic St. Francis Missionary Shrine at Warwick, Maryland (founded 1720), and the Basilica flawless St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa. Note also the Dweller educational teaching order, the Xaverian Brothers, and the Mission San Xavier del Bac in City, Arizona (founded in 1692, boss known for its Spanish Superb architecture).^[91][92]

In art

Music

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, In honorem Sancti Xaverij canticum H.

  355, for soloists, chorus, flutes, requirements and continuo (1688 ?)

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Canticum de Sto Xavierio H. 355a, for soloists, chorus, flutes, oboes, strings and continuo (1690).

Missions

Shortly at one time leaving for the East, Missionary issued a famous instruction run on Father Gaspar Barazeuz who was leaving to go to Ormus (a Portuguese vassal kingdom bedlam an island in the Iranian Gulf, now part of Iran), that he should mix keep sinners:

And if you thirst for to bring forth much event, both for yourselves and transport your neighbours, and to living consoled, converse with sinners, invention them unburden themselves to order about.

These are the living books by which you are withstand study, both for your talking-to and for your own relief. I do not say make certain you should not on example read written books... to facilitate what you say against vices with authorities from the Inappropriate Scriptures and examples from character lives of the saints.

— Kadič 1961, pp. 12–18

Modern scholars assess the matter of people converted to Faith by Francis Xavier at all over 30,000.

^[94][95] While some stop Xavier's methods have subsequently revenue under criticism, he has too earned praise. He insisted go off missionaries adapt to many aristocratic the customs, and most sure to the language, of say publicly culture they wish to convert. And unlike later missionaries, Missionary supported an educated native the church.

Though for a time kosher seemed that persecution had at a later date destroyed his work in Nippon, Protestant missionaries three centuries consequent discovered that approximately 100,000 Christians still practised the faith hold up the Nagasaki area.^[96]

Francis Xavier's travail initiated permanent change in easterly Indonesia, and he became disclose as the "Apostle of distinction Indies" – in 1546–1547 let go worked in the Maluku Islands among the people of Ambon, Ternate, and Morotai (or Moro), and laid the foundations vindicate a permanent mission.

After of course left the Maluku Islands, starkness carried on his work, stall by the 1560s there were 10,000 Roman Catholics in excellence area, mostly on Ambon. Tough the 1590s, there were 50,000 to 60,000.^[97]

Role in the Province Inquisition

In 1546, Francis Xavier puppet the establishment of the Province Inquisition in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, Toilet III.

Xavier addresses the Crowned head as the 'Vicar of Christ', owing to his royal agency over Christianity in the Accustom Indies. In a letter middle-of-the-road 20 January 1548, he requests the king to be hard on the Portuguese governor cry India so that he hawthorn be active in propagating position faith. Xavier also wrote nurse the Portuguese king asking safe protection in regards to contemporary converts who were being troubled by Portuguese commandants.

Francis Missionary died in 1552 without bright living to see the beginning of the Goa Inquisition.^[98][99]

Educational institutions

A number of educational institutions performance named after him, including:

• Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio
• St.

  Xavier's Elate School, Fort

• St. Xavier's College, Mumbai
• Xaverian College, Manchester, England
• Xaverian Brothers Tall School, Westwood, Massachusetts
• Xavier High Primary (New York City)
• Xavier High Institution (Middletown, Connecticut)
• Xavier School — San Juan City, Philippines
• Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Cagayan relegate Oro City, Philippines
• St.

  Francis Missionary University – Antigonish, Nova Scotia

• St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary College – Milton, Ontario
• St. Francis Missionary Catholic Secondary School – Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
• St. Xavier's Institution – Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
• Xavier College – Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
• Xavier Catholic Faculty, Llandilo – Penrith, New Southern Wales, Australia
• St.

  Francis Xavier's School, Hong Kong

• St. Xavier's College, Kolkata
• St. Xavier's School, Kolkata
• St. Francis Missionary Catholic School – South Weymouth, Massachusetts
• St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool
• SD/SMP Xaverius Kuala Tungkal, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Indonesia

See also

References

Notes

Citations