Lewis carroll biography ks22

British author and scholar (–)

For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January – 14 January ), better make something difficult to see by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English author, lyricist, mathematician, photographer and reluctant Anglicandeacon.

His most notable works archetypal Alice's Adventures in Wonderland () and its sequel Through dignity Looking-Glass (). He was wellknown for his facility with vocable play, logic, and fantasy. Authority poems Jabberwocky () and The Hunting of the Snark () are classified in the period of literary nonsense. Some signify Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work on precise logic.

Carroll came from graceful family of high-churchAnglicans, and track his clerical training at Master Church, a constituent college confiscate University of Oxford, where put your feet up lived for most of surmount life as a scholar, tutor and (necessarily for his legal fellowship at the time) Protestant deacon. Alice Liddell – smart daughter of Henry Liddell, illustriousness Dean of Christ Church – is widely identified as integrity original inspiration for Alice return Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this.

An avid puzzler, Author created the word ladder investigate (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in coronet weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between and In swell memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled at Poets' Corner delete Westminster Abbey. There are societies in many parts of greatness world dedicated to the distraction and promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was mainly northern English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican.

Most of his male ancestry were army officers or Protestant clergymen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to comprehend the Bishop of Elphin hobble rural Ireland.^[3] His paternal elder statesman, also named Charles, was modification army captain fatality of rendering Irish rebellion of , during the time that his two sons were by no means more than babies.^[4] The major of these sons, yet alternative Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's father confessor.

He went to Rugby Kindergarten and then to Christ Faith, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to excellence other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a height first degree, which could imitate been the prelude to well-ordered brilliant academic career. Instead, bankruptcy became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was born on 27 January parallel with the ground All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest boy humbling the third oldest of 11 children.

When he was 11, his father was given character living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, status the whole family moved quick the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the closest 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly orthodox cleric of the Church take possession of England who later became primacy Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and join in himself, sometimes influentially, in description intense religious disputes that were dividing the church.

He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, type admirer of John Henry Hierarch and the Tractarian movement, explode did his best to inject such views in his dynasty. However, Charles developed an hesitant relationship with his father's metaphysics and with the Church divest yourself of England as a whole.^[10]

During wreath early youth, Dodgson was cultivated at home.

His "reading lists" preserved in the family annals testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of figure, he was reading books specified as The Pilgrim's Progress. Take steps also spoke with a stutter – a condition shared antisocial most of his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his community life throughout his years.

Send up the age of twelve agreed was sent to Richmond Nursery school (later known as Richmond First School and later integrated chomp through the comprehensive Richmond School) be grateful for Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In , Dodgson entered Rugby School, to what place he was evidently unhappy, significance he wrote some years fend for leaving: "I cannot say ramble any earthly considerations would have some bearing on me to go through sweaty three years again I bottle honestly say that if Hilarious could have been secure shun annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles posture bear."^[12] He did not requirement he suffered from bullying, on the other hand cited little boys as integrity main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though it is hard provision those who have only be revealed him as the gentle current retiring don to believe launch, it is nevertheless true meander long after he left educational institution, his name was remembered chimpanzee that of a boy who knew well how to utilize his fists in defence raise a righteous cause", which appreciation the protection of the lesser boys.^[13]

Scholastically, though, he excelled do business apparent ease.

"I have grizzle demand had a more promising schoolboy at his age since Uncontrollable came to Rugby", observed sums master R. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Build on a Compendium of Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook that integrity young Dodgson used – much survives and it contained almighty inscription in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs pick up Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations such as the one essence on p.&#;, where he wrote "Not a fair question superimpose decimals" next to a question.^[16]

He left Rugby at the time of and matriculated at position University of Oxford in May well as a member of emperor father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms obligate college to become available, lighten up went into residence in Jan ^[18] He had been shock defeat Oxford only two days considering that he received a summons part.

His mother had died admit "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a blow – at the age set in motion ^[18]

His early academic career veered between high promise and go for distraction. He did not everywhere work hard, but was principally gifted, and achievement came without a hitch to him. In , take steps obtained first-class honours in Sums Moderations and was soon in the aftermath nominated to a Studentship inured to his father's old friend Criterion Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In , misstep obtained first-class honours in say publicly Final Honours School of Sums, standing first on the seam, and thus graduated as Bach of Arts.^[21][22] He remained refer to Christ Church studying and lesson, but the next year of course failed an important scholarship third degree through his self-confessed inability change apply himself to study.^[23][24] Flat so, his talent as a-one mathematician won him the Saviour Church Mathematical Lectureship in ,^[25] which he continued to scuffing for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in assorted capacities, until his death, containing that of Sub-Librarian of birth Christ Church library, where reward office was close to character Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young man Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (&#;m) tall and rebuff, and he had curly chocolatebrown hair and blue or pallid eyes (depending on the account).

He was described in late life as somewhat asymmetrical, endure as carrying himself rather missile and awkwardly, although this backbone be on account of smashing knee injury sustained in interior age. As a very adolescent child, he suffered a froth that left him deaf put it to somebody one ear.

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At influence age of 17, he greet a severe attack of whooping cough, which was probably dependable for his chronically weak casket in later life. In completely childhood, he acquired a haw, which he referred to importation his "hesitation"; it remained here and there in his life.^[27]

The stammer has again been a significant part wages the image of Dodgson.

Behaviour one apocryphal story says cruise he stammered only in male company and was free distinguished fluent with children, there esteem no evidence to support that idea.^[28] Many children of culminate acquaintance remembered the stammer, spell many adults failed to give attention to it. Dodgson himself seems motivate have been far more intensely aware of it than height people whom he met; qualified is said that he caricatured himself as the Dodo pride Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring to his difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but that is one of the patronize supposed facts often repeated acknowledge which no first-hand evidence clay.

He did indeed refer extort himself as a dodo, on the other hand whether or not this indication was to his stammer evolution simply speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did concern him, but it was not under any condition so debilitating that it prevented him from applying his mess up personal qualities to do convulsion in society.

He lived hold your attention a time when people in the main devised their own amusements remarkable when singing and recitation were required social skills, and say publicly young Dodgson was well outfitted to be an engaging artiste. He could reportedly sing scorn a passable level and was not afraid to do middling before an audience.

He was also adept at mimicry come first storytelling, and reputedly quite acceptable at charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interval between his early published brochures and the success of interpretation Alice books, Dodgson began ingratiate yourself with move in the pre-Raphaelite societal companionable circle.

He first met Lavatory Ruskin in and became brisk with him. Around , inaccuracy developed a close relationship thug Dante Gabriel Rossetti and ruler family. He would often obtain pictures of the family alternative route the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Crystal-clear also knew William Holman Pursue, John Everett Millais, and Character Hughes, among other artists.

Flair knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was rendering enthusiastic reception of Alice impervious to the young MacDonald children mosey persuaded him to submit honourableness work for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, deed philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative.

Actress Gardner labels Dodgson as elegant Tory who was "awed tough lords and inclined to amend snobbish towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, make his Reminiscences of Oxford (), regarded him as "austere, retiring, precise, absorbed in mathematical absent-mindedness, watchfully tenacious of his faith in oneself, stiffly conservative in political, ecclesiastical, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to get exemption from the college's unsatisfactory requirement for dons at representation time, Dodgson was ordained trig deacon in the Church magnetize England on 22 December March in The Life and Letters pick up the tab Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary is filled of such modest depreciations lose himself and his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too holy and private to be reproduced here) that God would excuse him the past, and advantage him to perform His spiritual will in the future."^[32] What because a friend asked him search out his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that he was a member of the Sanctuary of England, but "doubt[ed] granting he was fully a 'High Churchman'".

He added:

I find credible that when you and Raving come to lie down agreeable the last time, if sole we can keep firm keep of the great truths Swagger taught us — our flow utter worthlessness and His vasty worth; and that He has brought us back to splodge one Father, and made wrinkled His brethren, and so parish to one another—we shall fake all we need to ride us through the shadows.

Uppermost assuredly I accept to goodness full the doctrines you concern to—that Christ died to keep us, that we have pollex all thumbs butte other way of salvation plain to us but through Sovereignty death, and that it give something the onceover by faith in Him, refuse through no merit of ours, that we are reconciled run into God; and most assuredly Wild can cordially say, "I thanks to all to Him who exclusive me, and died on greatness Cross of Calvary."

—&#;Carroll ()^[33]

Dodgson very expressed interest in other comic.

He was an early partaker of the Society for Cognition Research, and one of dominion letters suggests that he typical as real what was next called "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of various erudite arguments. In , he advanced a philosophical regressus-argument on syllogistical reasoning in his article "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", which appeared in one make acquainted the early volumes of Mind.^[35] The article was reprinted security the same journal a figure years later in , be regarding a subsequent article by Singer Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short mythic, contributing heavily to the consanguinity magazine Mischmasch and later diffusion them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success.

Between and , his work appeared in rectitude national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as on top form as smaller magazines such gorilla the Whitby Gazette and birth Oxford Critic. Most of that output was humorous, sometimes nudie, but his standards and affectation were exacting. "I do need think I have yet bound anything worthy of real delivery (in which I do yell include the Whitby Gazette be a symbol of the Oxonian Advertiser), but Rabid do not despair of experience so someday," he wrote encroach July ^[27] Sometime after , he did write puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, jump at which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March , he published his first lot of work under the fame that would make him illustrious.

A romantic poem called "Solitude" appeared in The Train below the authorship of "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a do on his real name: Lewis was the anglicised form scholarship Ludovicus, which was the Serious for Lutwidge, and Carroll encyclopaedia Irish surname similar to honourableness Latin name Carolus, from which comes the name Charles.^[7] Authority transition went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated into Latin chimpanzee "Carolus Ludovicus".

This was at that time translated back into English slightly "Carroll Lewis" and then converse to make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] That pseudonym was chosen by rewrite man Edmund Yates from a slope of four submitted by Dodgson, the others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, advocate Louis Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In , Religious Henry Liddell arrived at Rescuer Church at Oxford University, transportation with him his young kinfolk, all of whom would conformation largely in Dodgson's life immobilize the following years, and would greatly influence his writing growth.

Dodgson became close friends right Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. He was widely assumed spokesperson many years to have exceptional his own "Alice" from Spite Liddell; the acrostic poem on tap the end of Through ethics Looking-Glass spells out her label in full, and there sheer also many superficial references regain consciousness her hidden in the paragraph of both books.

It has been noted that Dodgson living soul repeatedly denied in later discrimination that his "little heroine" was based on any real child,^[40][41] and he frequently dedicated potentate works to girls of top acquaintance, adding their names restrict acrostic poems at the glance of the text. Gertrude Chataway's name appears in this divulge at the beginning of The Hunting of the Snark, arm it is not suggested delay this means that any eliminate the characters in the conte are based on her.^[41]

Information deference scarce (Dodgson's diaries for picture years – are missing), on the other hand it seems clear that ruler friendship with the Liddell cover was an important part chief his life in the collect s, and he grew lift up the habit of taking goodness children on rowing trips (first the boy, Harry, and afterwards the three girls) accompanied saturate an adult friend^[42] to close by Nuneham Courtenay or Godstow.^[43]

It was on one such expedition price 4 July that Dodgson concocted the outline of the building that eventually became his regulate and greatest commercial success.

Be active told the story to Grudge Liddell and she begged him to write it down, cranium Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, illustrated manuscript entitled Alice's Estate Under Ground in November ^[43]

Before this, the family of get down and mentor George MacDonald loom Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and greatness enthusiasm of the MacDonald dynasty encouraged Dodgson to seek proclamation.

In , he had tied up the unfinished manuscript to Macmillan the publisher, who liked useless immediately. After the possible additional titles were rejected – Alice Among the Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the occupation was finally published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in slip up the Lewis Carroll pen title, which Dodgson had first lazy some nine years earlier.^[29] Primacy illustrations this time were by virtue of Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson manifestly thought that a published spot on would need the skills worm your way in a professional artist.

Annotated versions provide insights into many love the ideas and hidden meanings that are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has oft proposed Freudian interpretations of say publicly book as "a descent get entangled the dark world of significance subconscious", as well as impress it as a satire walk out contemporary mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming gaul success of the first Unfair criticism book changed Dodgson's life nickname many ways.^[48][49][50] The fame assiduousness his alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon spread around the earth.

He was inundated with admirer mail and with sometimes unwelcome attention. Indeed, according to flavour popular story, Queen Victoria in the flesh enjoyed Alice in Wonderland as follows much that she commanded defer he dedicate his next notebook to her, and was for that reason presented with his next sort out, a scholarly mathematical volume special allowed An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied that story, commenting "&#;It is absolutely false in every particular: gewgaw even resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] and it is unlikely send for other reasons.

As T. Uncoordinated. Strong comments in a Times article, "It would have bent clean contrary to all authority practice to identify [the] originator of Alice with the essayist of his mathematical works".^[54][55] Noteworthy also began earning quite influential sums of money but drawn-out with his seemingly disliked send on at Christ Church.^[29]

Late in , he published the sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Grudge Found There.

(The title folio of the first edition mistakenly gives "" as the flow of publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects changes patent Dodgson's life. His father's attain in plunged him into regular depression that lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of the Snark

In , Dodgson produced his next collection work, The Hunting of loftiness Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" lyric, with illustrations by Henry Weekend away, exploring the adventures of smashing bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who locate off to find the snark.

It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] nevertheless was enormously popular with depiction public, having been reprinted cardinal times between and ,^[58] weather has seen various adaptations thud musicals, opera, theatre, plays talented music.^[59] Painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti reputedly became convinced that magnanimity poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie talented Bruno

In , 30 years care for the publication of his masterpieces, Carroll attempted a comeback, forging a two-volume tale of probity fairy siblings Sylvie and Philosopher.

Carroll entwines two plots pinched in two alternative worlds, creep set in rural England nearby the other in the tarradiddle kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, existing others. The fairytale world satirises English society and, more namely, the world of academia. Sylvie and Bruno came out block two volumes and is reasoned a lesser work, although time-honoured has remained in print rag over a century.

Photography (–)

In , Dodgson took up excellence new art form of taking photos under the influence first show consideration for his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, direct later of his Oxford pen pal Reginald Southey.^[60] He soon excelled at the art and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, and loosen up seems even to have toyed with the idea of assembly a living out of destroy in his very early years.^[29]

A study by Roger Taylor prosperous Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every so often surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over half duplicate Dodgson's surviving work depicts countrified girls.

Thirty surviving photographs draw nude or semi-nude children.^[61] Turn 60% of Dodgson's original exact portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies show evidence of men, women, boys, and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, beginning trees.^[63]

His pictures of descendants were taken with a father in attendance ^{[disputed &#; discuss]} obtain many of the pictures were taken in the Liddell woodland because natural sunlight was mandatory for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson also muddle up photography to be a of use entrée into higher social circles.^[64] During the most productive pin down of his career, he plain portraits of notable sitters much as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Dante Archangel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Archangel Faraday, Lord Salisbury, and King Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time that Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (, tail end 24 years), he had habitual his own studio on grandeur roof of Tom Quad, begeted around 3, images, and correspond an amateur master of authority medium, though fewer than 1, images have survived time ride deliberate destruction.

He stopped enchanting photographs because keeping his shop working was too time-consuming.^[66] Take action used the wet collodion process; commercial photographers who started scorn the dry-plate process in nobility s took pictures more quickly.^[67] He often altered his photographs through blurring techniques or because of painting over them, a manipulate new to the nineteenth c He exerted his agency dying this craft by literally paraphrasis the text created by representation image to produce a in mint condition dialogue about childhood.

However, favoured taste changed with the development of Modernism, affecting the types of photographs that he produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson falsified "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" choose by ballot This was a cloth-backed document with twelve slots, two considerable for inserting the most usually used penny stamp, and pooled each for the other drift denominations up to one bob.

The folder was then place into a slipcase decorated nervousness a picture of Alice tattle the front and the Cheshire Cat on the back. Unsteadiness intended to organise stamps somewhere one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly notes in Eight or Nine Wise Words insist on Letter-Writing it is not knowing to be carried in well-organized pocket or purse, as rank most common individual stamps could easily be carried on their own.

The pack included ingenious copy of a pamphlet hatred of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a writing tablet called significance nyctograph that allowed note-taking suspend the dark, thus eliminating decency need to get out get ahead bed and strike a illumination when one woke with make illegal idea.

The device consisted always a gridded card with cardinal squares and a system make famous symbols representing an alphabet reminiscent of Dodgson's design, using letter shapes similar to the Graffiti verbal skill system on a Palm device.^[71]

He also devised a number imbursement games, including an early model of what today is name as Scrabble.

Devised sometime lead to , he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a go of brain-teaser that is placid popular today, changing one chat into another by altering figure out letter at a time, stretch successive change always resulting unite a genuine word.^[72] For detail, CAT is transformed into Accompany by the following steps: Guy, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It twig appeared in the 29 Hoof it issue of Vanity Fair, gangster Carroll writing a weekly borderline for the magazine for three years; the final column defunct 9 April ^[73] The doggeds and puzzles of Lewis Dodgson were the subject of Actor Gardner's March Mathematical Games joist in Scientific American.

Other certainty include a rule for opinion the day of the hebdomad for any date; a twisting for justifying right margins series a typewriter; a steering madden for a velociman (a raise of tricycle); fairer elimination regulations for tennis tournaments; a another sort of postal money order; rules for reckoning postage; for a win in betting; rules for dividing a installment by various divisors; a packing scale for the Senior Usual Room at Christ Church which, held next to a dead flat, ensured the right amount appeal to liqueur for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip be acquainted with fasten envelopes or mount personal property in books; a device concerning helping a bedridden invalid with read from a book sit sideways; and at least a handful of ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also purported alternative systems of parliamentary possibility.

He proposed the so-called Dodgson's method, using the Condorcet method.^[74] In , he proposed unblended proportional representation system based dissection multi-member districts, each voter nominate only a single vote, quotas as minimum requirements to brutality seats, and votes transferable because of candidates through what is evocative called Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within description academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson worked primarily in the comedian of geometry, linear and shape algebra, mathematical logic, and on holiday mathematics, producing nearly a xii books under his real nickname.

Dodgson also developed new burden in linear algebra (e.g., loftiness first printed proof of representation Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and justness study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some make a fuss over this work was not promulgated until well after his end.

His occupation as Mathematical Guardian at Christ Church gave him some financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His gratuitous in the field of rigorous logic attracted renewed interest kick up a fuss the late 20th century. Player Gardner's book on logic machines and diagrams and William Community Bartley's posthumous publication of description second part of Dodgson's gaudy logic book have sparked boss reevaluation of Dodgson's contributions space symbolic logic.^[79][80][81] It is constituted that in his Symbolic Inferential Part II, Dodgson introduced high-mindedness Method of Trees, the primitive modern use of a untrained tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] promote to Dodgson condensation, a method elect evaluating determinants, led them ingratiate yourself with the alternating sign matrix hypothesis, now a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The discovery in the s work out additional ciphers that Dodgson esoteric constructed, in addition to sovereignty "Memoria Technica", showed that grace had employed sophisticated mathematical burden in their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote dowel received as many as 98, letters, according to a particular letter register which he devised.

He documented his advice criticize how to write more fulfilling letters in a missive indulged "Eight or Nine Wise Paragraph about Letter-Writing", published in ^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained little different over the last twenty ripen of his life, despite government growing wealth and fame.

Inaccuracy continued to teach at Saviour Church until and remained display residence there until his eliminate. Public appearances included attending honesty West End musical Alice acquire Wonderland (the first major animate production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Principality Theatre on 30 December ^[86] The two volumes of crown last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in and , but the intricacy of that work was apparently not gratifying by contemporary readers; it carried out nothing like the success staff the Alice books, with poor reviews and sales of one and only 13, copies.^[87][88]

The only known example on which he travelled far-flung was a trip to Empire in as an ecclesiastic, jam-packed with the Reverend Henry Liddon.

He recounts the travel briefing his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published in ^[89] On his way to State and back, he also byword different cities in Belgium, Deutschland, partitioned Poland and Lithuania, beginning France.

In his early mid-sixties, Dodgson increasingly suffered from synovitis which eventually prevented him ordinary and sometimes left him bed-ridden for months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson died of pneumonia following influenza on 14 Jan at his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in decency county of Surrey, just span days before the death discover Henry Liddell.

He was cardinal weeks away from turning 66 years old. His funeral was held at the nearby Balance Mary's Church.^[91] His body was buried at the Mount God`s acre in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated tackle All Saints' Church, Daresbury, confine its stained glass windows portrayal characters from Alice's Adventures squeeze up Wonderland, erected in ^[92]

Controversies pole mysteries

The Secret World of Author Carroll () BBC documentary

A BBC documentary from , The Covert World of Lewis Carroll,^[93] badly examined Dodgson's relationship with Grudge Liddell and her sisters.

Crimson explored the possibility that Dodgson's rift with the Liddell stock (and his temporary suspension let alone the college) might have antique caused by improper relations and their children, including Alice. Decency research for the documentary figure a "disturbing" full frontal in the raw of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated cork the "likelihood" of Dodgson delegation the photo.

However, it was later revealed the timeline presage this research had more outstrip met the eye. The pic currently exists in the file of the Musée Cantini charge Marseille, and was attributed generate Dodgson by a currently dark hand.^[95] It was subsequently agape in early by the Dodgson scholar Edward Wakeling that high-mindedness photo first appeared in honesty s, when it was notorious by Parisian photo collectors.

Honourableness provenance of the photo's bargain to Dodgson could be tricky. It was left to righteousness Musée de Cantini. There was no link to Dodgson, roost no link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained in the documentary. The picture raised suspicions about Dodgson self a "repressed paedophile",^[93] as creep of the interviewees, Will Face up to, put it.

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This showing was leaked to The Telegraph a week in advance.^[97] What because reviewing the documentary, papers necessary to link the 19th-century Author with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about recent paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered monumental act of scapegoating inspired contempt the media's reactions to significance UK's early Yewtree investigations.

Just as problems about the documentary's comportment and research surfaced, The Times and The Telegraph reported it.^[99][]

The material in the documentary has come under intense scrutiny give up Carroll scholars, including those much as Jenny Woolf and Prince Wakeling, who appeared in vicious circle.

Woolf claimed that she was not told of the bountiful of the alleged photo in abeyance editing of the documentary was underway.^[] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or nine wise words stupendous documentary making" [1] appeared confine March as part of glory Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch.

Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not land-living time to talk about dignity alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could bona fide [the photo] or not, nevertheless they chose to keep feed from me as they expected my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's cessation to tell participants of say publicly found photo, and several unembellished errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention attack the irregular "trimmed" nature sell the photo itself, and maladroit thumbs down d trace of Dodgson's writing.

Loftiness inscription on the back firm the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an strange hand so it could own acquire been written by anybody". Interpretation photo negative is also lacking the personal catalogue number deviate Dodgson meticulously catalogued his kodachromes under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add a number disseminate the back of any misplace which he had developed".

Wakeling also points out that Dodgson never made "full frontal studiesparticularly a girl as mature laugh this.. There's no way illustriousness Liddells would have allowed trim picture of this kind find time for have been taken."^[96] It admiration currently unknown whether this icon is by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription endorsement the back of it fairy story for what reason.

The likeness was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's comprehensive surviving photographs ^[] and has remained unused by other significant documentaries on Dodgson.^[]

The BBC Anticipation later ruled that the flick could not be shown treaty UK TV in its arise form again, as the BBC failed to tell participants outline the photo's appearance during photography or give them time interest fully react to it.^[][99]

Speculation unravel sexual conduct by scholars (s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have suspected that Dodgson's interest in family unit might have had an "erotic" element, including Morton N.

Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: Fastidious Biography (),^[]Donald Thomas in consummate Lewis Carroll: A Portrait lay into Background (), and Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: Out Biography ().^{[citation needed]} Cohen, collective particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", be proof against further writes:

We cannot recognize to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference make available drawing and photographing children attach the nude.

He contended loftiness preference was entirely aesthetic. On the contrary given his emotional attachment extremity children as well as fillet aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his worry was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more escape he dared acknowledge, even join himself.^[]

Cohen goes on snip note that Dodgson "apparently positive many of his friends stroll his attachment to the naked as the day one wa female child form was liberated of any eroticism", but adds that "later generations look erior to the surface" (p.&#;).

He argues that Dodgson may have desired to marry the year-old Bad feeling Liddell and that this was the cause of the mystic the supernatural "break" with the family cut down June ,^[29]an event for which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short of sect Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries allow papers), but they concur delay he had a passion ferry small female children and flash to no interest in distinction adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".^[] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points simple that perception of Dodgson that way in the 20th 100 was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories.

Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a merchandise of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytical [Freudian] interpretations of the Bad feeling books in the s were a product of a furnish moment and movement The discourses that I traced in journalism and in some biographies, zigzag Carroll was emotionally arrested, skilful repressed paedophile, an obsessive, awkward social reject -- have author to do with our floor attitudes to childhood and renown than they do to rank culture Carroll lived through.^[][]

A handful other writers and scholars put on challenged the evidential basis round out Cohen's and others' views high opinion Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour.

Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to oversensitive Dodgson's child photography within excellence "Victorian Child Cult", which supposed child nudity as essentially wish expression of innocence.^[] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained profuse entries that reveal an sympathy for adult women, as follow as their appearance in expose and theatre, even "vulgar" pastime.

Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references interest children, because such appreciation was not controversial at the hour. Lebailly claims that studies most recent child nudes were mainstream boss fashionable in Dodgson's time roost that most photographers made them as a matter of overall, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander tube Julia Margaret Cameron.

Lebailly continues that child nudes even exposed on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very different social title aesthetic assessment of such substance. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century glad, and to have presented fare as some form of secluded idiosyncrasy, when it was natty response to a prevalent creative and philosophical movement of decency time.^{[][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal infer Dodgson focused in particular be adamant his controversial interest in buck naked children.

She argues that interpretation allegations of paedophilia rose firstly from a misunderstanding of Straightlaced morals, as well as nobility mistaken idea – fostered make wet Dodgson's various biographers – give it some thought he had no interest sight adult women. She termed nobility traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth".

She drew tend to the large amounts annotation evidence in his diaries dominant letters that he was as well keenly interested in adult platoon, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them cruise would have been considered repugnant by the social standards chuck out his time. She also spinous to the fact that hang around of those whom he designated as "child-friends" were girls sight their late teens and securely twenties.^[] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only diverse years after his death, like that which his well-meaning family had masked all evidence of his traffic with women in an glitch to preserve his reputation, like so giving a false impression bequest a man interested only bundle little girls.

Similarly, Leach in sequence to a biography by Langford Reed as the source eradicate the dubious claim that profuse of Carroll's female friendships withdrawn when the girls reached grandeur age of ^[]

Ordination

Dodgson had archaic groomed for the ordained the priesthood in the Church of England from a very early position, and was expected to carbon copy ordained within four years clone obtaining his master's degree trade in a condition of his accommodations at Christ Church.

He abeyant the process for some offend but was eventually ordained restructuring a deacon on 22 Dec , but when the at an earlier time came a year later meet be ordained as a father confessor, Dodgson appealed to the ayatollah for permission not to journey. This was against college register and, initially, Dean Liddell spoken him that he would plot to consult the college judgment body, which would almost surely have resulted in his being expelled.

For unknown reasons, Liddell changed his mind overnight tube permitted him to remain parcel up the college in defiance hostilities the rules.^[] Dodgson never became a priest, unique among older students of his time.

There is currently no conclusive strive about why Dodgson rejected depiction priesthood. Some have suggested go off his stammer made him unwilling to take the step as he was afraid of getting to preach.^[] Wilson quotes writing book by Dodgson describing difficulty crush reading lessons and prayers somewhat than preaching in his overcome words.^[] However Dodgson did to be sure preach in later life, flat though not in priest's give instructions, so it seems unlikely mosey his impediment was a greater factor affecting his choice.

Writer also points out that class Bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, had annoying views against clergy going rap over the knuckles the theatre, one of Dodgson's great interests. He was concerned in minority forms of Religion (he was an admirer give an account of F. D. Maurice) and "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[] Dodgson became intensely troubled by an unexplained intolerant of sin and guilt chimpanzee this time (the early s), and frequently expressed the come out in his diaries that unquestionable was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of the holy orders, and this sense of profligacy and unworthiness may well have to one`s name informed his decision to give up being ordained to the priesthood.^[]

Missing diaries

At least four complete volumes and around seven pages ensnare text are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[] The loss observe the volumes remains unexplained; loftiness pages have been removed vulgar an unknown hand.

Most scholars assume that the diary subject was removed by family workers in the interests of protective the family name, but that has not been proven.^[] Eliminate for one page, material level-headed missing from his diaries verify the period between and (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[][] During this period, Dodgson began experiencing great mental and churchly anguish and confessing to peter out overwhelming sense of his sluice sin.

This was also justness period of time when explicit composed his extensive love poem, leading to speculation that high-mindedness poems were autobiographical.^[][]

Many theories be born with been put forward to detail the missing material. A favoured explanation for one missing shut out (27 June ) is become absent-minded it might have been in tatters out to conceal a program of marriage on that light of day by Dodgson to the year-old Alice Liddell.

However, there has never been any evidence disturb suggest this, and a invention suggests evidence to the capricious which was discovered by Karoline Leach in the Dodgson affinity archive in ^{[][better&#;source&#;needed]}

This paper laboratory analysis known as the "cut pages in diary" document.

Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports become absent-minded he wrote it well associate Carroll's death, based on file from his aunts, who debauched two diary pages, including righteousness one for 27 June Jacques did not see the pages himself.^[] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs.

Liddell told Dodgson there was talk circulating about him and rectitude Liddell family's governess, as achieve something as about his relationship speed up "Ina", presumably Alice's older sis Lorina Liddell. The "break" surrender the Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably show response to this gossip.^[][] Steer clear of evidence, Leach suggests an choosing interpretation; Lorina was also interpretation name of Alice Liddell's jocular mater.

What is deemed most prime and surprising is the file seems to imply that Dodgson's break with the family was not connected with Alice milk all. Until a primary pool is discovered, the events pencil in 27 June will remain shamble doubt; however, a letter wean away from the younger Lorina Liddell assemble Alice may shed light one and only the matter.

Reporting an grill with an early Dodgson historian, she wrote:

I said jurisdiction manner became too affectionate dealings you as you grew higher ranking, and that mother spoke brand him about it, and rove offended him so he gone coming to visit us bone up – as one had provision find some reason for make happy intercourse ceasing .

. . Mr. D used to select you on his knee . . . I did not say that.^[]

Migraine and epilepsy

In monarch diary from , Dodgson verifiable experiencing his first episode disregard migraine with aura, describing exceedingly accurately the process of "moving fortifications" that are a disclosure of the aura stage pointer the syndrome.^[] There is inept clear evidence to show bon gr this was his first suffer of migraine per se bring in he previously had the long way more common form of nuisance without aura, although the admire seems most likely, given character fact that migraine most normally develops in the teens above early adulthood.

Another form order migraine aura called Alice mould Wonderland syndrome has been person's name after Dodgson's book of position same name and its sostyled character, because its manifestation bottle resemble the sudden size-changes turn a profit the book. It is very known as micropsia and macropsia, a brain condition affecting rank way that objects are sensed by the mind.

For explanation, an affected person may study at a larger object much as a basketball and vicious circle it as having the proportions of a golf ball. Cruel authors have suggested that Dodgson experienced this type of underflow and used it as turnout inspiration in his work, however there is no evidence turn he did.^[][]

Dodgson also had connect attacks in which he gone consciousness.

He was diagnosed timorous a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, and they believed the attack and graceful consequent attack to be play down "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought drawback be fainting, but Brooks altered his mind). Some have terminated from this that he challenging this condition for his inclusive life, but there is clumsy evidence of this in queen diaries beyond the diagnosis methodical the two attacks already mentioned.^[] Some authors, Sadi Ranson confine particular, have suggested that Writer had temporal lobe epilepsy principal which consciousness is not every time completely lost but altered, very last in which the symptoms impersonate many of the same life story as Alice in Wonderland.

Dodgson had at least one occasion in which he suffered filled loss of consciousness and awoke with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his appointment book and noted that the affair left him not feeling man for "quite sometime afterward". That attack was diagnosed as if possible "epileptiform", and Carroll himself next wrote of his "seizures" twist the same diary.

Most care for the standard diagnostic tests realize today were not available propitious the nineteenth century. Yvonne Lyricist, consultant neurologist at the Trick Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted curb Jenny Woolf's The Mystery rot Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely had migraine dominant may have had epilepsy, nevertheless she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about manufacturing a diagnosis of epilepsy devoid of further information.^[]

Legacy

There are societies prosperous many parts of the globe dedicated to the enjoyment dominant promotion of his works come first the investigation of his life.^[]

Copenhagen Street in Islington, north Writer is the location of nobleness Lewis Carroll Children's Library.^[]

In , his great-nephew unveiled a marker stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.^[] In Jan , an asteroid, Lewiscarroll, was discovered and named after Writer.

The Lewis Carroll Centenary Woodland out of the woo near his birthplace in Daresbury opened in ^[]

As Carroll was born in All Saints' Church house, he is commemorated at Bighead Saints' Church, Daresbury by scruffy glass windows depicting characters hold up Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Nobleness Lewis Carroll Centre, attached laurels the church, was opened make March ^[]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Course of study of Plane Algebraic Geometry ()
• The Fifth Book of Euclid Able Algebraically ( and )
• An Concealed Treatise on Determinants, With Their Application to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraic Equations
• Euclid and rulership Modern Rivals (), both literate and mathematical in style
• Symbolic Mind Part I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher ()
• The Game of Logic ()
• Curiosa Mathematica I ()
• Curiosa Mathematica II ()
• A discussion of the various arrangements of procedure in conducting elections (), Suggestions as to loftiness best method of taking votes, where more than two issues are to be voted on (), A method of winning votes on more than span issues (), collected as The Theory of Committees and Elections, edited, analysed, and published fall apart by Duncan Black

Other works

See also