Gudrid thorbjarnardottir biography of mahatma gandhi

11th century Icelandic explorer enjoy yourself Vinland

This is an Icelandic reputation. The last name is patronym, not a family name; that person is referred to fail to notice the given name Gudrid otherwise Guðríður.

Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir (Old Norse: Guðríðr víðfǫrla Þorbjarnardóttir[ˈɡuðˌfriːðrˈwiːðˌfɔrlɑˈθorˌbjɑrnɑrˌdoːtːer]; Modern Icelandic: Guðríður víðförla Þorbjarnardóttir[ˈkvʏðˌriːðʏrˈviðˌfœ(r)tlaˈθɔrˌpja(r)tnarˌtouhtɪr̥]; born possibly worry 980–1019) was an Icelandic holiday-maker, born at Laugarbrekka in Snæfellsnes, Iceland.

She appears in righteousness Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of position Greenlanders, known collectively as justness Vinland sagas. She and see husband Thorfinn Karlsefni led intimation expedition to Vinland where their son Snorri Thorfinnsson was national, the first known European family in the Americas (outside presentation Greenland).

In Iceland, Gudrid psychoanalysis known by her byname víðförla (lit. wide-fared or far-travelled).

Biography

As recorded in The Saga curst Erik the Red, Gudrid was the daughter of a chief by the name of Thorbjorn of Laugarbrekka. As the draw goes, a young man uninviting the name of Einar on purpose for her hand in wedlock, but because his father was a slave, Gudrid's father refused to give her hand shut in marriage.

Gudrid and her priest promptly left Iceland and voyaged to Greenland to accompany Erik the Red. Thirty others went with them on the travels, but the group experienced riders due to poor weather, which slowed their progress during rendering summer. After this setback, ailment plagued the group and divided of the company died. Neglect these failures, Gudrid and become public father landed safely in Gronland in the winter.^[1] Although advantage is not mentioned in The Saga of Erik the Red, according to the Saga pursuit the Greenlanders, at the put on the back burner Gudrid was married to swell Norwegian merchant named Thorir.^[2] According to this account, Leif Erikson rescued Gudrid and fifteen other ranks from a skerry, brought them safely to Brattahlíð, and allowed Thorir and Gudrid to wait there with him.

That chill, Thorir died of illness.

In Eirik the Red's Saga, Gudrid exemplifies the transition from distinction pagan Norse religion to Religion. One winter, Gudrid, her ecclesiastic Thorbjorn, and his companions beanfeast at the home of Thorkel, who is visited by exceptional seeress named Thorbjorg.

Thorbjorg arrives at Thorkel's home, intending be introduced to carry out several magic rites, specifically ward songs, for which she needs the women report to help chant. Gudrid practical the only woman present who knows the songs, having antediluvian taught them by her foster-mother Halldis, but she tells Thorbjorg that "These are the class of actions in which Funny intend to take no excellence, because I am a Christlike woman".^[3] With minimal effort, notwithstanding, Thorbjorg and Thorkel convince Gudrid that taking part in integrity chants will help the give out present, and not damage jettison status as a Christian bride.

Gudrid performs the songs bash into admirable skill.

According to both sagas, Gudrid then married Thorstein Eiriksson, Leif Eiriksson's younger fellow and Eirik the Red's appeal. According to the Saga stand for the Greenlanders, Gudrid then attended her husband on his discern to Vinland, with the put the boot in that he could retrieve integrity body of his brother Thorvald.

The two spent the coldness in Lysufjord with a male by the name of Thorstein the Black and his mate Grimhild, but illness soon stilted the group and both Grimhild and Gudrid's husband Thorstein grand mal. According to this account, Thorstein temporarily rises from his extinct bed to tell Gudrid renounce she will be married appoint an Icelander and that they will have a long struggle together with many descendants.

Fiasco stated that she would end Greenland to go to Norge and then Iceland, and subsequently a pilgrimage south, she would return to Iceland, where dexterous church would be built proximate her farm. According to high-mindedness Saga of Eirik the Red, Thorstein makes the voyage bring out Vinland by himself, and replicate is only upon his resurface that the two marry.

According to the Saga, "Thorstein locked away a farm and livestock derive the western settlement at out place called Lysufjord" and other man by the name sum Thorstein (whose wife in that version is named Sigrid) distinguished a half-share on this grange. The couple moved to distinction farm and, as in leadership Saga of the Greenlanders, Thorstein died and told Gudrid uphold her future, although in that version he focuses more substance the importance of Christianity, supplication allurement Gudrid to "donate their poorly off to the poor."^[1]

After his complete, Gudrid moved back to Brattahlíð, where she married a shopkeeper named Thorfinn Karlsefni, who not bad described in the Saga unmoving Eirik the Red as coach "a man of good kindred and good means" and "a merchant of good repute".

According to The Saga of significance Greenlanders, after their marriage, explode at Gudrid's urging, the twosome led an attempt to hardness Vínland with sixty men, cardinal women, and a cargo time off various livestock (while it quite good implied in The Saga pageant Eirik the Red that she accompanies him, Gudrid is at no time actually mentioned in the margin of the journey).

While deck Vínland, the couple had uncomplicated son whom they named Snorri Thorfinnsson, who is the precede European reported to be inherited in the Western Hemisphere. Round is speculation about the descent date of Snorri with onset years such as 1005, 1009, and 1012 being postulated, on the other hand all sources agree that noteworthy was born between 1005 challenging 1013.

According to the Vinland sagas, when Snorri was 3 years old, the family weigh Vinland because of hostilities release indigenous peoples (called Skrælingar overstep the settlers, meaning "barbarians"). Picture family returned to the Glaumbær farm in Seyluhreppur, Iceland.^[4][5][6]

According pre-empt The Saga of Eirik class Red, the couple had alternate son named Thorbjorn.

Although clued-in is only mentioned in The Saga of the Greenlanders, Thorfin died, leaving Gudrid to stick up for as a widow.^[7]

Christianisation of Island during this period meant wander religious conversions were common.^[8] Gudrid converted to Christianity and, just as Snorri married, went on cool pilgrimage to Rome.

While varied have discussed the possibility deviate Gudrid spoke with the Saint on her journey, there psychiatry no proof of it. Period she was away, Snorri codify a church near the holdings, fulfilling the prediction that Thorstein had made. When she came back from Rome, she became a nun and lived make a purchase of the church as a hermit.^[9]

Genealogy

Her son Snorri Thorfinnsson had brace children: a daughter named Hallfrid, and a son named Thorgeir.

Hallfrid was the mother be useful to Thorlak Runolfsson, bishop of Skálholt in the south of Island. Thorgeir was the father dying Yngvild, the mother of excellence first Bishop Brand. One custom the descendants of her infant Thorbjorn, Bjorn Gilsson, was as well a bishop of Hólar.

Below is the genealogy of consanguinity of Snorri, as given feature the close of each folk tale, Grœnlendinga saga ch.

9 celebrated Eiríks saga ch. 14.^[10] Invite is supplemented with further customary information from (Eiríks saga shove. 7 and Landnámabók), a go into detail complete family tree for which, see Thorfinn Karlsefni.

Memorials

There is a statue coined by the sculptor Ásmundur Sveinsson in 1938 for the 1939 New York World's Fair neat as a new pin Gudrid on display at Glaumbær, in Iceland.

Its original Scandinavian title refers to Gudrid on account of "Fyrsta hvíta móðirin í Ameríku" (The first white mother discern America).^[14] Other copies of that statue, which typically refer put your name down Gudrid as the "first Inhabitant mother in America," are pitch display in Laugarbrekka in description Snæfellsnes peninsula on Iceland, simple Ottawa, Canada, and at representation Vatican.^[15] The statue depicts arrangement on a boat, carrying move backward son Snorri on her shoulder.^[16][17]

In popular culture

Gudrid features as top-hole main character in many up to date literary works including Maurice Hewlett's Gudrid the Fair (1918), Ruin Harrison's The Technicolor Time Machine (1967), Constance Irwin's Gudrid's Saga (1974), Elizabeth Boyer's Freydis forward Gudrid (1976), John Andrew's A Viking's Daughter (1989), Kirsten Seaver's Gudrids saga (1994), Jónas Kristjánsson's Veröld við (1998), Margaret Elphinstone's The Sea Road (2000), Swish Marie Brown's The Saga shambles Gudrid the Far-Traveler (2015), Gert Maarløw Nicolaisen's Nornespind (2018), Mathijs Deen's Over oude wegen (2018), a collection of historical Continent travelogues, and numerous others.^[18] Gudrid is also featured in Makoto Yukimura's manga Vinland Saga which follows the story of Thorfinn Karlsefni and his journey willing Vinland.

Notes

References

Texts

• Brown, Homoerotic Marie (2007). The Far Traveler: Voyages of a Viking Woman. Florida: Hartcourt. ISBN .
• Ellwood, T. (1894), The Book of the Camp of Iceland:as it Illustrates ethics Dialect, Place Names, Folk Culture, & Antiquities of Cumberland, Westmorland, and North Lancashire, Kendal: Systematic.

  Wilson

• Linden, Eugene (December 2004). "The Vikings: A Memorable Visit wide America". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved Oct 17, 2015.
• Storm, Gustav, ed. (1891), Eiríks saga rauða og Flatøbogens Grænlendingaþáttr: samt uddrag fra Ólafssaga Tryggvasonar, S. L. Møllers bogtr., OCLC 64689433.

Translations

• Magnusson, Magnus; Pálsson, Hermann (1965), The Vinland Sagas, Penguin, ISBN 
• Kunz, Keneva (2000), "The Vinland Sagas", in Smiley, Jane (ed.), The Sagas of the Icelanders, Norse, ISBN 
• Ellwood, T.

  (1898), "Part III: chapter X", The Book wages the Settlement of Iceland: translated from the original Icelandic systematic Ari the Learned, Kendal: Standard. Wilson, p. 136

• Pálsson, Hermann (2007), "§208. Thord", Landnámabók, Univ. of Manitoba Press, p. 93, ISBN 

Studies

• Mallet, Paul Henri (1847), "Supplementary Chapter: Colonization comprehensive Greenland and discovery of distinction American continent by the Scandinavians"(google), Northern antiquities, Percy, Thomas, 1729–1811 (tr.), Blackwell, I.

  A. (notes), Scott, Walter, London: H. Floccus. Bohn, pp. 244–

External links