Japanese embassy hostage crisis biography channel

1996–1997 hostage turning-point in Lima, Peru

The Japanese envoys hostage crisis (Spanish: Toma shoreline la residencia del embajador be around Japón en Lima, Japanese: 在ペルー日本大使公邸占拠事件, romanized: Zai Perū Nihon taishi kōtei senkyo jiken) began on 17 December 1996 in Lima, Peru, when 14 terrorist members order the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Bias (MRTA) took hostage hundreds some high-level diplomats, government and warlike officials and business executives.

They were attending a party even the official residence of blue blood the gentry Japanese ambassador to Peru, Morihisa Aoki, in celebration of Monarch Akihito's 63rd birthday. Although representation crisis took place at rectitude ambassadorial residence in San Isidro rather than at the legation proper, it is often referred to as the "Japanese embassy" hostage crisis.

Foreign female hostages were released during the lid night and most foreigners left-hand after five days of common death threats. After being set aside hostage for 126 days, magnanimity remaining dignitaries were freed explanation 22 April 1997, in top-hole raid by Peruvian Armed Prop commandos, during which one detainee, two commandos, and all rendering MRTA militants were killed.

Honesty operation was perceived by ascendant Peruvians to be a gigantic success, and it gained institute media attention. President Alberto Fujimori initially received much credit pay money for saving the lives of glory hostages.

Reports later emerged alleging that a number of rank insurgents were summarily executed sustenance surrendering.

Japanese diplomat Hidetaka Ogura testified that three of nobleness rebels were tortured. Two exhaust the commandos maintained that they saw Eduardo "Tito" Cruz living and in custody before take steps was found with a pellet wound in his neck. These findings prompted civil suits antithetical military officers by the of dead militants. In 2005, the Attorney General's office incline Peru allowed the charges ride hearings were ordered.^[1] After commence outcry, all charges were dropped; however, further investigations were referred to the Inter-American Court dominate Human Rights.^[2][3] It ruled shaggy dog story 2015 that Cruz had anachronistic the victim of an extrajudicial killing and that the Peruvian government violated international law.

Rectitude court also named 25-year-old Brilliant idea Peceros and 17-year-old Herma Meléndez as victims deprived of their human rights.^[4]

Hostage crisis

Beginning of say publicly siege

This section needs expansion with: Trivia of initial assault. You gaze at help by adding to become. (July 2021)

The surprise ambush limit seizure of the Japanese ambassador's residence was the highest biographical operation of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in neat 15-year history. The attack propelled Peru in general, and leadership MRTA in particular, into interpretation world spotlight for the being of the crisis.

Guests report that the guerrillas blasted adroit hole in the garden make public of the ambassador's residence enthral around 8:20pm the night get on to 17 December.^[5][6][7]

The Japanese ambassador's territory had been fortified by righteousness Japanese government.

It was restricted by a 12-foot wall, focus on had grates on all windows, bullet-proof glass in many windows, and doors built to cope with the impact of a grenade; therefore it was easily reasonable from within.

News of class MRTA assault caused the Lima Stock Exchange to close one hours early, as domestic condition plummeted.

One newspaper political hack commented, "It is a reverse of at least four We've returned to being exceptional country subject to terror." Glory news came during a lifetime of low popularity for Chairman Fujimori (down to 40% deviate a 1996 high of 75%), who had until then antediluvian credited with restoring peace run into the country after terrorist liveliness largely ceased through the kingdom during his first presidential term.^[8]

The Clínica Italiana, a clinic aeon on the same block reinforce the residence, was closed put an end to to the hostage crisis topmost never re-opened, being ultimately fractured in 2013.^[9]

Government's reaction

On 22 Dec, Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori obligated his first public announcement ratification the hostage-taking in a televised four-minute speech.

In his diction, he condemned the assailants, mission the MRTA assault "repugnant" focus on rejecting all MRTA demands. Unquestionable did not rule out conclusion armed rescue attempt, but articulated that he was willing watch over explore a peaceful solution form the situation. He also freely indicated that he did crowd together need help from foreign succour advisors, following speculation that Peru was turning to foreign governments for assistance.

Fujimori made sovereign speech shortly after MRTA governor Néstor Cerpa Cartolini announced focus he would gradually release teeming hostages who were not detached to the Peruvian government.^[8] By way of the months that followed, picture rebels released all female hostages and all but 72 look up to the men.

Demands

In the date immediately following the takeover, ethics International Committee of the Orderly Cross acted as an middleman between the government and human resources of the guerrilla group. Middle the hostages were high corridors of power of Peru's security forces, inclusive of Máximo Rivera, the chief snare Peru's anti-terrorist police, DIRCOTE, give orders to former chief Carlos Domínguez.

Strike hostages included Alejandro Toledo, who later became President of Peru, and Javier Diez Canseco, clean up socialist Peruvian congressman.^[10] The 24 Japanese hostages included President Fujimori's own mother and younger fellow.

The insurgents made a convoy of demands:

• The release method their members from prisons litter Peru (including recently convicted Snotty activist Lori Berenson and Cerpa's wife).
• A revision of the government's neoliberalfree market reforms.
• They singled tumble Japan's foreign assistance program inconsequential Peru for criticism, arguing wind this aid benefited only a-okay narrow segment of society.^[11]
• They along with protested against what they purported were cruel and inhumane provisos in Peru's jails.

Leftist politician Javier Diez Canseco was among position 38 men who were unconfined very shortly after the hostages were taken.

He defended description MRTA and called for significance government to negotiate a outpost. Diez Canseco said that illustriousness hostage-takers are "18 to 20 years old, maybe 21 ... They're a group of much-repeated forces, commandos. I think they're young men who want inspire live. They don't want get to die."^[8]

Upon being freed, Alejandro City said that what the Fto really wanted was an clemency that would allow its associates to participate in public bluff.

He said that any essay to rescue the hostages overtake force would be "insane," tempt they were "armed to prestige teeth." Rooms in the capital, he said, were wired outstrip explosives, as was the mausoleum. He added that the terrorists had anti-tank weapons and wore backpacks that were filled keep an eye on explosives that could be detonated by pulling a cord get on their chest.^[8]

Negotiations

In search for systematic peaceful solution, Fujimori appointed a-ok team to hold talks fellow worker the MRTA, including the Struggle ambassador Anthony Vincent, who abstruse briefly been a hostage, ArchbishopJuan Luis Cipriani, and a Affect Cross official.

Fujimori even talked with the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, raising media speculation roam a deal was being assumed out to let the Fto guerrillas go to Cuba thanks to political exiles. However, it was reported on 17 January dump negotiations with the MRTA abstruse stalled.

In early February, capital new squad of Peruvian crowd with heavy equipment took facility the embassy vigil.

They faked loud military music and prefabricated provocative gestures to the rebels, who unleashed a burst make out gunfire. This prompted the Crucial Minister of Japan, Ryutaro Hashimoto, to publicly urge Peru take in hand refrain from taking any disposable risks that could endanger description hostages' lives.

Japanese leaders pressured Fujimori to reach some breed of negotiated settlement with position MRTA in order to confirm the hostages' safe release.

Fujimori subsequently met Hashimoto in Canada. The two leaders announced ditch they were in agreement expected how to handle the con situation but provided few details.^[12]

On 10 February, Fujimori travelled nominate London, where he announced rove the purpose of his switch over was to "find a express that would give asylum take care of the MRTA group." Observers respected that his request that picture MRTA group be given federal asylum contradicted his previously assumed position that the MRTA were not guerrillas but terrorists.

Energy 11 February, Fujimori declared give it some thought "Peruvian prisons are built cattle accordance with international standards recognize the value of terrorists." He also attended dealing meetings, which he described decimate his domestic audience as deflate "exercise in reassuring the global investors."^[13]

Military solution

In February, Peruvian episode La República reported the stiff of a secret government "intervention plan," involving the direct impart of U.S.

military forces. Interpretation plan was reportedly devised impervious to Navy Admiral and Director hint Peru's Army Intelligence Agency, Antonio Ibarcena and submitted to Fujimori. On 17 February, The Additional York Times wrote, "United States participation in the assault wreckage crucial, according to the blueprint, which said that the commandos would come from the Peruvian Army's School of Commandos final the United States Southern Leading, based in Panama."^[14]

The MRTA hollered off the talks with primacy government in March when they reported hearing loud noises future from beneath the floor heed the residence.

Peruvian newspapers official the MRTA suspicions, reporting turn the police were digging tunnels underneath the building. The police force tried to cover up ask for from the digging by doing loud music over loudspeakers cope with carrying out noisy tank maneuvers through the nearby streets.

According to the New York Times, Canadian ambassador Anthony Vincent designated "in hindsight, some believed lose one\'s train of thought the commission of guarantors [of which he was a member] had served as little addon than a cover to supply [Fujimori] time to put funny story place the physical and public elements for a raid;"^[15] sand believed that "both sides were close to settlement" when Fujimori opted instead for a expeditionary assault.^[15]

Operation Chavín de Huantar

Main article: Operation Chavín de Huantar

Preparations

In donkey-work for the raid, Peruvian NavyAdmiral and former commander of capital special operations group, Antonio Ibarcena distributed hundreds of bugged actuality to the hostages.

One run through which included his personal bass given to hostage Luis Giampietri (later elected Vice President be expeditious for Peru for the term 2006–2011) to help pass the span in which Antonio Ibarcena installed a miniature two-way radio gain gave encrypted instructions to advise the hostages ten minutes hitherto the military operation began, forceful them to stay as remote away as possible from rendering MRTA members.^{[citation needed]}

Light-colored clothes were systematically ferried in to high-mindedness hostages, so that they could be distinguished easily from nobleness dark-clad insurgents during the proposed raid.

Cerpa himself unwittingly helped with this part of birth project when, upon hearing noises that made him suspect wander a tunnel was being dug, he ordered all the hostages placed on the second floor.^{[citation needed]}

In addition, sophisticated miniature microphones and video cameras had antique smuggled into the residence, disguised in books, water bottles, illustrious table games.

Giampietri and subsequent military officers among the hostages were given the responsibility insinuate placing these devices in timid locations around the house. Meddlesome on the MRTA commandos get together the help of these hi-tech devices, military planners observed put off the insurgents had organized their security carefully, and were mega alert during the night noon.

However, early every afternoon, implication of the MRTA members, as well as the four leaders, played inside football for about one hour.^{[citation needed]}

Fujimori later unveiled a exemplar model of the building ramble was especially built to organize for the rescue operation, which included the tunnels from shut up shop houses used by commandos add up enter the building.^[16]

Special forces raid

On 22 April 1997, more leave speechless four months after the come across of the siege, a body of 140 Peruvian commandos, row on row into a secret ad hoc unit given the name Chavín de Huantar (in reference get as far as a Peruvian archaeological site famed for its underground passageways), in the saddle a dramatic raid on rank residence.

At 15:23:00 that teatime, Operation Chavín de Huántar began.

Three explosive charges exploded about simultaneously in three different entourage on the first floor. Decency first explosion hit in probity middle of the room hoop the soccer game was fascinating place, killing three of prestige hostage-takers immediately – two endorse the men involved in representation game, and one of greatness women watching from the sidelines.

Through the hole created mass that blast and the precision two explosions, 30 commandos stormed into the building, chasing greatness surviving MRTA members in prime to stop them before they could reach the second raze.

Two other moves were sense simultaneously with the explosions. Import the first, 20 commandos launched a direct assault at illustriousness front door in order appraise join their comrades inside influence waiting room, where the persist in staircase to the second storey was located.

On their lighten in, they found the pair other female MRTA militants protection the front door. Behind honourableness first wave of commandos raving the door came another label of soldiers carrying ladders, which they placed against the fag-end walls of the building.

In the final prong of dignity coordinated attack, another group hegemony commandos emerged from two tunnels that had reached the make somebody late yard of the residence.

These soldiers quickly scaled the ladders that had been placed shield them. Their tasks were withstand blow out a grenade-proof entry on the second floor, cut which the hostages would get into evacuated, and to make span openings in the roof fair that they could kill blue blood the gentry MRTA members upstairs before they had time to execute grandeur hostages.

At the end, depreciation 14 MRTA guerrillas, one con (Dr. Carlos Giusti Acuña, partaker of the Supreme Court, who had pre-existing heart health problems^[relevant?]) and two soldiers (Colonel Juan Valer Sandoval and Captain Raúl Jiménez Chávez) died in birth assault.^{[citation needed]}

According to the U.S.

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), Fto member Roli Rojas was determined attempting to walk out glimpse the residence mixed with description hostages. A commando spotted him, took him to the unyielding of the house, and over him with a burst lapse blew off Rojas' head.^[17] Goodness DIA cable says that magnanimity commando's intent had been next shoot just a single equivalent into Rojas' head and zigzag, due to the mistake bank many rounds being fired, high-mindedness commando had to partially conceal Rojas' body under that delightful Cerpa, who had also monotonous in the raid.

The telex also says that another (female) MRTA member was executed back end the raid.

Fujimori's role

According lock a Defense Intelligence Agency note down, Fujimori personally ordered the commandos participating in the raid be proof against "take no MRTA alive."

As the commandos tore down rectitude flag of the MRTA divagate had been flying at decency roof of the embassy, Fujimori joined some of the track down hostages in singing the Peruvian national anthem.^[18] Peruvian TV very showed Fujimori striding among depiction dead guerrillas; some of rectitude bodies were mutilated.^[19] Fujimori was famously photographed walking past character bodies of Cerpa and Rojas in the main staircase build up the residence, and Rojas' desolated head is noticeable in class photograph.

Shortly thereafter President Fujimori was seen riding through Lima in a bus carrying goodness freed hostages.^[20]

The military victory was publicized as a political coup and used to bolster rulership hard-line stance against armed subverter groups. His popularity ratings gladly doubled to nearly 70 pct, and he was acclaimed tidy national hero.^[21] "You had explicate live in the climate be unable to find the time.

The operation was so successful that there was no opposition. Peruvians loved it", said historian Luis Jochamowitz, creator of a biography of Fujimori. Reflecting on the raid expert few days afterwards, Antonio Cisneros, a leading poet, said imitate had given Peruvians "a miniature bit of dignity. Nobody conventional this efficiency, this speed.

Drain liquid from military terms it was spick First World job, not Base World."^[21]

Fujimori also took personal dye for the operation. In operate interview with the 17 Dec 1997 edition of El Comercio, Fujimori stated that shortly puzzle out the embassy residence was phoney, he had planned the convergence together with the National Think logically Service headed by Julio Salazar and Vladimiro Montesinos, and excellence Joint Command of the Briery Forces under Army Commander Community Nicolás de Bari Hermoza Ríos.^[22]

MRTA corpses detained

When the operation was over, the bodies of say publicly guerrillas were removed by bellicose prosecutors; representatives from the Solicitor General's Office were not empty entry.

The corpses were shed tears taken to the Institute exhaust Forensic Medicine for autopsy brand required by law. Rather, depiction bodies were taken to class morgue at the Police Sanctuary. It was there that ethics autopsies were performed. The bisection reports were kept secret in the balance 2001. Next of kin be fond of the deceased were not constitutional to be present for greatness identification of the bodies tell off the autopsies.

The bodies were buried in secrecy in cemeteries throughout Lima.

Eligia Rodríguez Bustamante, the mother of one perfect example the guerrillas, and the Reserve Director of APRODEH asked illustriousness Attorney General's Office to particular the necessary steps to notice those who died during depiction rescue, but the Attorney General's Office conceded its jurisdiction turn over identification of the deceased Fto members to the military shameful system.^[22]

International reaction

In general, the combatant operation was viewed with poised eyes by other governments.

Many Andean Presidents (Ernesto Samper eradicate Colombia, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada of Bolivia and Rafael Caldera of Venezuela) supported Alberto Fujimori's decisions.^[23] This was made copperplate public declaration of the Barrier Andean Presidential Council [es]. However, almost were some exceptions:

• On 25 April there were protests whack the Peruvian Embassy in City, Chile.^[24] Riot police tear gassed demonstrators and pushed them cue the ground outside the consulate.

  Some protesters told television compel, "We absolutely reject these book of such cruelty, which be compelled never happen again."

• On the dress date, the Chilean Ministry look after Foreign Affairs declared: "The Chilean Government has manifested its restitution with the outcome of that crisis. It is true lose concentration we must regret the discourteous of several human lives, on the contrary is also important to underwrite that there was no alcove possible outcome."^[25]
• In Mexico City peaceful 23 April, scores of grouping gathered at the Peruvian Consulate to protest.

  Demonstrators hurled change for the better paint and tomatoes at high-mindedness building, shouting "Fujimori murderer" stomach "Latin America is in mourning."

• On 28 April, an article reap The New York Times commented on the government's dependency affirmation the military, describing Fujimori, Montesinos and armed forces head Gratuity.

  Nicolás Hermoza Ríos as "Peru's ruling troika".^[26]

MRTA view

In an cross-examine in the 24 April defiance of the German newspaper Junge Welt, MRTA spokesperson Norma Velasco assessed the developments leading inhabit to the raid, saying ramble "The goal of the Fto unit was not to patricide the embassy prisoners," but moderately to achieve their demand oratory bombast free the 450 MRTA prisoners held in Peru's prisons.

Proverb that "we had no illusions" that Fujimori wanted a sore to the touch solution, Velasco added, "we outspoken have some bit of hunger that international public opinion grasp many countries would increase exertion on the Peruvian government most important force them to give in." Alluding to the underlying inferior conditions of the country, she observed: "A vast segment personal the population still suffers steer clear of poverty, hunger and a dearth of proper medical care, bracket these problems are increasing.

Nobility end of the crisis finish off the ambassador's residence showed stray Fujimori exclusively relies on personnel means."

Hostages

The hostages, initially wear the hundreds, were eventually decreased to a final 72.^[27][28] Mid them were:^[29]

Executive branch

• Francisco Tudela forefront Breugel-Douglas, Minister of Foreign Affairs^[29][30][31]
• Rodolfo Muñante Sanguinetti, Minister of Agriculture.^[29][30][31]
• Dante Córdova Blanco, former Minister believe Education.
• Sandro Fuentes Acurio, former Missionary of Labour.
• Jorge San Román party la Fuente, Vice Minister cut into Energy.
• Felipe Ramírez Delpino, Vice Preacher of Regional Development.
• Rodolfo Matsuda, Sin Minister of Agriculture.
• Juan Mendoza Marsano, Vice Minister of Mines.
• Carlos Tsuboyama Matsudo, Vice Minister of magnanimity Presidency
• Ricardo Kamiya, Secretary General get a hold the Presidency.^[31]
• Máximo Rivera Díaz, mind of the National Directorate Opposed Terrorism.^[29][32][33]
• Juan Carlos Domínguez, former belief of the National Directorate Combat Terrorism.^[32]

Judicial branch

• Moisés Pantoja, president company the Supreme Court.^[29]
• Luis Serpa Segura, former president of the Judiciary.
• Moisés Pantoja Rodulfo, former president do paperwork the Judiciary.
• Mario Urrelo Álvarez, Colleague of the Supreme Court.
• Nelson Reyes Ríos, Member of the Loftiest Court.
• Hugo Sivina Hurtado, Member signify the Supreme Court.
• Carlos Ernesto Giusti Acuña, Member of the Highest Court (ultimately the only captive killed in the 1997 raid).^[31]
• Alipio Montes de Oca Begazo, Participant of the Supreme Court.
• Mario Urrelo Álvarez, Member of the Unmatched Court.
• José Garrido Garrido, Member censure the Supreme Court.

Congress

Academics and businesspeople

• Alejandro Toledo Manrique, economic analyst, supplier presidential candidate.^[34][36]
• Gustavo Saberbein, former Vicar of Economy.
• Luis Giampietri Rojas, Admiral of the Peruvian Navy.^[37]
• Alexander Kouri Bumachar, Mayor of Callao.
• Fernando Andrade, mayor of the district assess Miraflores.
• Francisco Sagasti, academic, engineer.^[36]
• Javier Sota Nadal, then Rector of distinction National University of Engineering.
• Manuel Paredes Manrique, Rector of San Marcos University.
• Juan Julio Wicht, Jesuit priest.^[31][38]
• Mutsue Inomoto, Mother of then Steersman Alberto Fujimori.^[39]
• Juana Fujimori Fujimori, sis of then President Alberto Fujimori.^[39]
• Rosa Fujimori Fujimori, sister of as a result President Alberto Fujimori.
• Pedro Fujimori Fujimori, brother of then President Alberto Fujimori.^[29][39]
• Juan Günther Doering, architect.^[40][41]
• Alvaro Chocano, president of the National Temporary of Elections^[29]
• Ramiro de Valdivia Cano, member of the National Cost of Elections.
• Rómulo Muñoz Arce, contributor of the National Jury be worthwhile for Elections.
• Alfredo Torres Guzmán, director commemorate the polling company Apoyo.
• Manuel Torrado, Spanish businessman, president of authority polling company Datum.^[30]
• Juan Assereto Duharte, then director of COPRI.
• Samuel Gleiser Katz, President of the Lima Chamber of Commerce.
• Juan Enrique Pendavis Perales, president of the Federation of Exporters (ADEX)
• Sally Bowen, Gaffer of the Foreign Press Place in Peru.

Diplomats

• Estanislao de Grandes, Chargé d'affaires (a.i), Spanish Embassy fell Peru.^{[29][42][43][44][45]}
• Heribert Woeckell, German ambassador able Peru.^{[29][41][30][46][40][45]}
• Artur Schuschnigg, Austrian ambassador add up to Peru.^{[29][42][44][45]}
• Ambassadors of Belgium, the Holland and Romania in Peru.^[29][30]
• Juan Antonio Ibañez Echeverría, consul of Argentina.^[29]
• Dimitar Stanoev, Bulgarian ambassador to Peru.^[29]
• Wojciech Tomaszewski, Polish ambassador to Peru.^[30][47]
• Jorge Gumucio Granier, Bolivian ambassador survive Peru.^{[29][30][44][45]}
• Antonio Araníbar, brother of description Bolivian chancellor.^[29]
• Carlos Luiz Coutinho Perez, Brazilian ambassador to Peru.^{[29][30][44][45]}
• Anthony Vincent, Canadian ambassador to Peru^[29] careful head of the "guarantors commission"^[41][46][48] in charge of negotiations betwixt the MRTA and the government.^{[49][50][40][45]}
• Lee Won-Young, South Korean ambassador want Peru.^{[29][30][44][45]}
• Pedro Díaz Arce, Cuban diplomat to Peru.^[29][44][45]
• José Raúl Silva, State councillor in Peru.^[44][45]
• Sami Tewfik, African ambassador to Peru.^[44][45]
• Alkiviades Karokis, European ambassador to Peru.^{[29][41][46][40][51][45]}
• José María Argueta, Guatemalan ambassador to Peru.^{[29][42][44][45]}
• Eduardo Martell, Honduran ambassador to Peru.^[29][45]
• Joel Salpak, Israeli ambassador to Peru.^[29]
• Morihisa Aoki, Japanese ambassador to Peru (as well as 17 other representation diplomats and the ambassador's European Shepherd, Emma).^{[29][44][45][52][53]}
• Ahmad Mokhtar Selat, Asiatic ambassador to Peru.^[29][44][45]
• Carlos Luis Linares, Panamanian ambassador to Peru.^{[29][30][44][45]}
• José Ramón Díaz Valdeparez, Dominican ambassador accede to Peru.^[29][44][45]
• João Melo de Sampaio, Chargé d'affaires of the European Union.^[29][44][45]
• Tabaré Bocalandro Yapeyú, Uruguayan ambassador require Peru.^[29][44][45]
• Horacio Arteaga, Venezuelan ambassador end up Peru.^[44][45][54]
• Ľubomír Hladík, Chargé d'affaires (a.i) of the Czech Republic get in touch with Peru.^[29][55]
• Július Grančák, Chargé d'affaires (a.i) of Slovakia to Peru.^[56][29]
• Jorge Gillighan, United Nations coordinator.^[29]
• Seven American representatives.^[29]
• Michel Minning, president of the Worldwide Red Cross delegation.
• Hyacinthe D'Montera, Ethnic Attaché of France^[41][46][40]
• Hidetaka Ogura, Asian diplomat.
• Armando Lecaros de Cossío, Peruvian diplomat.^[41][40]
• José Luis de Cossío ironical Ruiz de Somocurcio, Peruvian diplomat.^[41][40]
• José Carlos Mariategui Arellano, Peruvian diplomat.
• Jorge Morelli Pando, Peruvian diplomat.
• Manuel Roca Zela, Peruvian diplomat.

Distribution of illustriousness final 72 hostages

Room Boss		Room B
Hostage	Occupation	Hostage	Occupation
Arturo López Pardo Figueroa	General EP	Carlos Domínguez Solís	General PNP
Máximo Rivera Díaz	General PNP	Julio Pinto Samanez	General PNP
Guillermo Bobbio Zevallos[33]	General PNP	Hugo Vera Veliz	General PNP
Francisco Salinas Guerrero	Colonel PNP	Orlando Denegri Ayllón	Colonel FAP
Rowel Rivas Crisostomo	Colonel PNP	Jorge Negrete Salas	Colonel PNP
Alberto Castillo Mendivil	Colonel PNP	Jorge Villacorta Meza	Colonel PNP
Rómulo Zevallos Solano	Colonel PNP	Jaime Valencia Voyset	Colonel PNP
Gerardo Haro Iparraguirre	Colonel PNP	Marco Miyashiro Arashiro	Colonel PNP
Room C		Carlos Dall'orso stair La Peña	Navy Cpt. AP
Hostage	Occupation	Alberto Heredia Ugarte	Fgt. Cpt. AP
Luis Giampietri Rojas	Vice Admiral AP	Room D
Carlos Blanco Oropeza	Congressman	Hostage	Occupation
Julio Rivera Chávez	Colonel FAP	Francisco Tudela	Minister oust Foreign Affairs
Roberto Fernández Frantzen	Lt. Col. EP	Morihisa Aoki	Japanese Ambassador to Peru
Luis Chang Ching	Congressman	Juan Julio Wicht Rosell	Priest
Felipe Ramírez Delpino	Viceminister - Regional Event	Samuel Matsuda Nishimura	Congressman
Juan Mendoza Marsano	Viceminister - Mines	Gilberto Siura Céspedes	Congressman
Rodolfo Muñante Sanguineti	Minister of Farming	Jorge San Román de Unsympathetic Fuente	Viceminister - Energy.
Eduardo Pando Pacheco	Congressman	Jorge Gumucio Granier	Bolivian Ambassador to Peru
Oscar Pajares Merino	Major PNP	Jorge Valdez Carrillo	Peruvian envoy
Rodolfo Matsuda Matsuda	Viceminister - Agriculture	Misahiro Sakai	1st Nipponese Secretary
Room E		Pedro Fujimori Fujimori	Businessman
Hostage	Occupation	Akihisa Oguiyama	2nd Japanese Set out
José Hamagushi Sakagushi	Executive weightiness Fujita Gumi	Pedro Aritomi Aritomi	Peruvian businessman
Tadashi Iwamoto	Executive at Tomen Perú	Dante Córdova Blanco	Former Minister of Production
Tadeo Kawahami	Executive at Pesquera Injured	Room H
Akira Miyashita	Executive at Mitsubishi	Hostage	Occupation
Yutaka Morizomo	Executive at Kanematsu	Carlos Tsuboyama Matsudo	Viceministro - Rudder
Keichi Saito	Executive at Marubeni	Carlos Giusti Acuña	Member of influence Supreme Court
Yoshihiki Saki	Executive at Ajinomoto	Hugo Sivina Hurtado	Member of the Supreme Court
Shiguenori Sato	Executive at Nisho Iwai	Luis Serpa Segura	Member of illustriousness Supreme Court
Masa Nori Sugimaru	Executive at Nikko	Mario Urrelo Álvarez	Member of the Highest Court
Shigeru Taki	Executive distrust Panasonic	Alipio Montes de Oca Begazo	Member of the Supreme Woo
Masaru Tomita	Executive at Toyota	Moisés Pantoja Rodulfo	Member of goodness Supreme Court
Room Uproarious		José Garrido Garrido	Member appropriate the Supreme Court
Hostage	Occupation
Yoshiaki Kitagawa	Businessman
Masami Kobayashi	Businessman
Hiroyuki Kimoto	Japanese Evangelist Counselor
Fumio Sunami	1st Nipponese Secretary
Haruo Mimura	1st Nipponese Secretary
Hajime Nakae	1st Asiatic Secretary
Hidetaka Ogura	1st Asian Secretary
Katsumi Itagaki	2nd Nipponese Secretary
Hideo Nakamura	2nd Altaic Secretary
Iroto Morozumi	2nd Asian Secretary
Sinji Yanamoto	Cultural briefcase

Executions controversy

Doubts about the authoritative version of events soon began to arise.

Some aspects tinge what happened during the liberate operation remained secret until excellence fall of the Fujimori authority. Rumors began to circulate clump long after the rescue step that surrendered MRTA members difficult been executed extrajudicially:

• One Asian hostage, Hidetaka Ogura, former cheeriness secretary of the Japanese Legation, who published a book tackle 2000 on the ordeal, purported that he saw one mutineer, Eduardo Cruz ("Tito"), tied mess up in the garden shortly name the commandos stormed the goods.

  Cruz was handed over aware to Colonel Jesús Zamudio Aliaga, but along with the balance he was later reported type having died during the assault.

• Former agriculture minister Rodolfo Muñante, professed in an interview eight noonday after being freed that take steps heard one rebel shout "I surrender" prior to taking subtract his grenade-laden vest and green about the gills himself over.

  Later, however, Muñante denied having said this.^[57]

• Another con, Máximo Rivera, then head see Peru's anti-terrorism police, said, draw out 2001, that he had heard similar accounts from other hostages after the raid.^[21]

Media reports too discussed a possible breach show consideration for international practices on taking collide prisoners, committed on what they, under rules of diplomatic extraterritoriality, the equivalence of sovereign Nipponese soil, and speculated that in case charged, Fujimori could face examination in Japan.

However, under prestige Vienna Convention, embassies and residencies do not enjoy extraterritoriality, however inviolability (immunity from search).^[58]

Initial permissible proceedings

On 2 January 2001, depiction Peruvian human-rights organization APRODEH filed a criminal complaint on advantage of MRTA family members be realistic Alberto Fujimori, Vladimiro Montesinos, Nicolás De Bari Hermoza Ríos, Julio Salazar Monroe and anyone violent to be guilty of righteousness crime of the qualified butchery of Eduardo Nicolás Cruz Sánchez and two other MRTA militants.

Special Provincial Prosecutor Richard Saavedra was put in charge custom the preliminary inquiry into nobility complaint. Non-commissioned National Police lecturers Raúl Robles Reynoso and Marcial Teodorico Torres Arteaga corroborated Hidetaka Ogura's testimony, telling investigators renounce they took Eduardo Cruz Sánchez alive as he was attempting to get away by uniting with the hostages when they were at the house lure back of the residence.

In an interview in March, Take-home pay Hoc Deputy Attorney Ronald Gamarra Herrera told CPN radio focus Fujimori should face murder excise over the alleged executions: "[We have] information regarding how post-mortems were conducted on the breed MRTA rebels, which in misunderstanding could corroborate accusations of extrajudicial killings." He said unofficial post-mortems plus reports by the Go over, the U.S.

State Department standing rights groups, suggested rebels confidential been executed with a pound in the head. The renovate prosecutors ordered the exhumation pencil in the insurgents' bodies.^[58]

Others, however, conspiracy stated that the investigation critique just another attempt by Fujimori's political enemies to destroy sovereignty legacy.

"Not giving in oratory bombast terrorist blackmail is the inimitable good thing remaining from honourableness previous government. And now they want to destroy that regard everything else," said Carlos Blanco, an independent congressman and lone of the hostages.^[21]

Investigation

The bodies regard the deceased MRTAs were exhumed and examined by forensic physicians and forensic anthropologists, experts carry too far the Institute of Forensic Pharmaceutical, the Criminology Division of significance National Police, and the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team, some commemorate whom have served as experts for the International Criminal Star chamber beck for the Former Yugoslavia.

Statements were taken from various lecturers who took part in honourableness rescue operation and from awful of the rescued hostages.

The examination done by the judiciary anthropologists and forensic physicians leak out that Cruz Sánchez had back number shot once in the give back of the neck while suggestion a defenseless posture vis-à-vis circlet assailant.^[22] Other forensic examinations implanted that it appears that vast of the guerrillas were shooting in the back of primacy neck after capture or like chalk and cheese defenseless because of injuries.

Prosecution against the army officers

On 13 May 2002, judge Cecilia Pol Boluarte issued warrants for magnanimity arrest of 11 senior drove officers who participated in nobleness raid. The warrants allowed significance accused to be held get into 15 days before formal levy were filed. The judge's ballot provoked an outcry; the ministers of defense, justice and rectitude interior all criticized the close down orders.

However, Attorney General Nelly Calderón supported the measure. Misrepresent a statement made on 20 May 2002, to Radio Programas del Perú (RPP) she articulated, "We prosecutors are supporting picture action taken by prosecutor Saavedra, because he has done copperplate careful investigation (and) unfortunately dignity evidence suggests culpability. That verification has to be collated hurt determine what degree of contract each arrested officer bears."

Amnesty

On 16 May 2002, two mercifulness proposals were announced in parliamentary committees, one submitted by blue blood the gentry American Popular Revolutionary Alliance element (APRA) of former president Alan García, the other by nobility National Unity party (UN).

Probity UN bill "granted amnesty" seat army General José Williams Revolutionary, who headed up the convergence, and to the "official staff who participated in the liberty and rescue of the hostages."

Human rights organizations such bring in Human Rights Watch (HRW) robustly protested the move. "The loaded rescue of the hostages vulgar these commandos into national heroes, but the evidence of illegitimate killings is compelling.

National thanks is no reason for jealous them from justice." the structure argued in a press unfetter. HRW argued that the clemency proposals clearly conflicted with description principles enunciated by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights snare its March 2001 ruling be against the Peruvian government in birth case of the 1991 Barrios Altos massacre.

In that overnight case, which involved the amnesty aggregation passed in 1995 by ethics Fujimori government, the Court ostensible the amnesty null and reverse because it conflicted with Peru's human rights treaty obligations; luxuriate later interpreted that ruling whereas applicable to all similar cases.^[59]

Military and the judicial system

On 7 June 2002, at a celebration organized by the army single out for punishment commemorate loyalty to the civil flag, the commandos were personal and decorated, including those whom the judicial branch had be submerged investigation for alleged involvement mud the extrajudicial executions.

On 29 July, the Chavín de Huántar commando squad was selected skin lead the independence day brave parade. This appeared to accept been done to exert extra pressure on the Supreme Courtyard justices who had to reach the jurisdiction question raised hunk the military court, in fasten to make certain that understand would be the military boring that investigated the extrajudicial executions.^[60]

On 16 August 2002, the Unequalled Court convened to hear class oral arguments of the parties to the jurisdictional challenge wear down by the military tribunal.

Influence military prosecutor heading up character parallel inquiry being conducted impossible to differentiate the military court, who abstruse to bring the charges contemporary prove them, was the facetoface arguing the military's challenge. Notwithstanding, in his arguments he uncomplicated a defense for the commandos, stating that "heroes must distant be treated like villains." Honourableness Supreme Court subsequently ruled stroll the military court system esoteric jurisdiction over the 19 workers, thus declining jurisdiction in assist of the military tribunal.

Go out with held that the events difficult occurred in a district renounce at the time was hang a state of emergency, reprove were part of a heroic operation conducted on orders deviate above. It further held roam any crimes that the 19 officers may have committed were the jurisdiction of the martial courts. It also ruled depart the civilian criminal courts have to retain jurisdiction over anyone harass than the commandos who could have violated civilian laws.^{[citation needed]}

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

On 3 February 2003, APRODEH, on good of MRTA family members, filed a petition with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights overcome the Peruvian state, alleging deviate Peru violated certain rights legal in the American Convention classical Human Rights to the grievance of MRTA members Eduardo Nicolás Cruz Sánchez, David Peceros Pedraza and Herma Luz Meléndez Cueva, by detaining them and bolster summarily executing them.

The Suit determined the petition was admissible.^[61]

Trial of Montesinos, Hermoza and Huaman

In 2007 the former head training Peru's security services, Vladimiro Montesinos, the former chief of illustriousness armed forces, Nicolas de Metropolis Hermoza [es], and retired Colonel Roberto Huaman went on trial fetch allegedly having ordered the extra-judicial killings of the MRTA hostage-takers.

If convicted, Montesinos and probity two former military officers unabashed up to 20 years boardwalk prison.^[62] Montesinos, Hermoza and Huaman were acquitted of those duty in 2012, as the importune found that a chain appreciate command linking the accused come within reach of the killings had not antiquated proven.^[63]

Chronology

• 17 December 1996: MRTA components take the Japanese ambassador's territory in Peru with more better 600 hostages.

  They soon let about half of the hostages.

• 20 December (day 3): Another 38 hostages are released.
• 21 December (day 4): Fujimori declares that take will be no talks.
• 22 Dec (day 5): 255 hostages corroborate released.
• 26 December (day 9): Sting explosion is heard in rectitude residence.

  Police say that potent animal detonated a mine.

• 28 Dec (day 11): 20 hostages released.
• 31 December (day 14): A bunch of reporters are allowed go through the mansion.
• 21 January (day 35): Police and MRTA members in trade shots.
• 2 March (day 75): Fto members refused asylum to Country and Dominican Republic.
• 22 April (day 126): Peruvian special forces gale the residence.

  One hostage, brace commandos and all 14 Fto members were killed in action.

Dramatisations and documentaries

• Endgame: The Untold Account of the Hostage Crisis rerouteing Peru (1999). A documentary stroll was broadcast as part decelerate CNN's "Perspective" series.
• Black Ops: Illustriousness Japanese Embassy Siege (2014).

  Righteousness hostage crisis was portrayed hem in episode 7 of season 2 of the documentary series "Black Ops".

• Lima: Breaking the Silence (1999 film)
• Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Prankster Spear's add-on "Black Thorn" charade a stage of the brave operation
• The hostage crisis is dramatized in an episode of probity third season of the Rush television series Zero Hour gentle "The Lima Siege", aired wrench 2006.^[64]

Literary works

• Peruvian playwright Gaston Herrera Cagigao wrote the screenplay good spirits a 2010 movie called "Rehenes" with Director Bruno Ortiz City in 2010 based on picture events (see the four-minute preview in Spanish on YouTube).
• Bel Canto by Ann Patchett is far-out novel loosely based on greatness events of the crisis.

  Establish was adapted under the one and the same title into an opera careful a film.

• The Ambassador's Word: Pawn Crisis in Peru 1996–97 by way of David J. Goldfield. A revelation account of the hostage enchanting focusing on the role honor Canadian Ambassador Anthony Vincent, who initially was a hostage nevertheless was released to act likewise a mediator between the Fto and the government.
• Japanese musician Miyuki Nakajima's song 4.2.3 in photo album be my child please tag 1998 gives her opinion find this event.

See also

References